Stock dynamics and emission pathways of the global aluminium cycle

IPCC Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change (eds Metz, B., Davidson, O. R., Bosch, P. R., Dave, R. & Meyer, L. A.) (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007).

IEA Energy Technology Transitions for Industry: Strategies for the Next Industrial Revolution (The International Energy Agency (IEA), 2009).

Müller, D. B., Wang, T., Duval, B. & Graedel, T. E. Exploring the engine of anthropogenic iron cycles. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 16111–16116 (2006).

Gordon, R. B., Bertram, M. & Graedel, T. E. Metal stocks and sustainability. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 1209–1214 (2006).

Müller, D. B., Wang, T. & Duval, B. Patterns of iron use in societal evolution. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 182–188 (2011).

Liu, G., Bangs, C. E. & Müller, D. B. Unearthing potentials for decarbonizing the U.S. aluminum cycle. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 9515–9522 (2011).

UNFCCC The Cancun Agreements: Outcome of the Work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention (CP16/CMP6) (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2011).

USDOE US Energy Requirements for Aluminum Production: Historical Perspective, Theoretical Limits and Current Practices (US Department of Energy, 2007).

Oliver, A. N. & Rothman, H. The value of recycling: A framework for analysis. Ind. Market Manag. 4, 133–141 (1975).

Schwarz, H. G., Briem, S. & Zapp, P. Future carbon dioxide, emissions in the global material flow of primary aluminium. Energy 26, 775–795 (2001).

Luo, Z. & Soria, A. Prospective Study of the World Aluminium Industry (Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 2007).

Menzie, B. W. D. et al. The Global Flow of Aluminum From 2006 Through 2025 73 (US Department of the Interior and US Geological Survey, 2010).

Allwood, J. M., Cullen, J. M. & Milford, R. L. Options for achieving a 50% cut in industrial carbon emissions by 2050. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 1888–1894 (2010).

GARC. Global Aluminium Recycling Model (Global Aluminium Recycling Committee, International Aluminium Institute, 2011).

Hatayama, H., Daigo, I., Matsuno, Y. & Adachi, Y. Assessment of the recycling potential of aluminum in Japan, the United States, Europe and China. Mater. Trans. 50, 650–656 (2009).

Milford, R. L., Allwood, J. M. & Cullen, J. M. Assessing the potential of yield improvements, through process scrap reduction, for energy and CO2 abatement in the steel and aluminium sectors. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 55, 1185–1195 (2011).

Müller, D. B. Stock dynamics for forecasting material flows: Case study for housing in The Netherlands. Ecol. Econ. 59, 142–156 (2006).

Bader, H. P., Scheidegger, R., Wittmer, D. & Lichtensteiger, T. Copper flows in buildings, infrastructure and mobiles: A dynamic model and its application to Switzerland. Clean Technol. Environ. 13, 87–101 (2011).

Pauliuk, S., Wang, T. & Müller, D. Moving toward the circular economy: The role of stocks in the Chinese steel cycle. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 148–154 (2012).

Pacala, S. & Socolow, R. Stabilization wedges: Solving the climate problem for the next 50 years with current technologies. Science 305, 968–972 (2004).

Sinden, G. E., Peters, G. P., Minx, J. & Weber, C. L. International Carbon Flows: Aluminium (The Carbon Trust, 2011).

Norgate, T. & Jahanshahi, S Reducing the greenhouse gas footprint of primary metal production: Where should the focus be? Miner. Eng. 24, 1563–1570 (2011).

Das, S. & Green, J. Aluminum industry and climate change: Assessment and responses. JOM J. Min. Met. Mater. Sci. 62, 27–31 (2010).

Modaresi, R. & Müller, D. B. The role of automobiles for the future of aluminium recycling. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 8587–8594 (2012).

Van Renssen, S. Making more with less. Nature Clim. Change 1, 137–138 (2011).

Allwood, J. M. et al. Sustainable Materials: With Both Eyes Open (UIT, 2012).

Carruth, M. A., Allwood, J. M. & Moynihan, M. C. The technical potential for reducing metal requirements through lightweight product design. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 57, 48–60 (2011).

Heard, R., Hendrickson, C. & McMichael, F. C. Sustainable development and physical infrastructure materials. MRS Bull. 37, 389–394 (2012).

Schmidt, J., Helme, N. E. D., Lee, J. I. N. & Houdashelt, M. Sector-based approach to the post-2012 climate change policy architecture. Clim. Policy 8, 494–515 (2008).

IAI Pioneering A Voluntary Global Industry Sectoral Approach (International Aluminium Institute, 2008).