Statistical and clinical significance, and how to use confidence intervals to help interpret both

Cohen, 1994, The earth is round (p<.05), American Psychologist, 49, 997, 10.1037/0003-066X.49.12.997

Loftus, 1996, Psychology will be a much better science when we change the way we analyse data, Psychological Science, 7, 161

Hubbard, 2008, Why p values are not a useful measure of evidence in statistical significance testing, Theory Psychology, 18, 69, 10.1177/0959354307086923

Hubbard, 2000, The historical growth of statistical significance testing in psychology—and its future prospects, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60, 661

Hubbard, 2004, Alphabet soup: blurring the distinctions between p's and α’s in psychological research, Theory & Psychology, 14, 295, 10.1177/0959354304043638

Christensen, 2005, Testing Fisher, Neyman, Pearson, and Bayes, The American Statistician, 59, 121, 10.1198/000313005X20871

1997

Schmidt, 1996, Statistical significance testing and cumulative knowledge in psychology: implications for the training of researchers, Psychological Methods, 1, 115, 10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.115

Pereira, 2009, Hypothesis testing, Australian Critical Care, 22, 187, 10.1016/j.aucc.2009.08.003

Jacobsen, 1984, Psychotherapy outcome research: methods for reporting variability and evaluating clinical significance, Behavior Therapy, 15, 336, 10.1016/S0005-7894(84)80002-7

LeFort, 1993, The statistical versus clinical significance debate, Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 25, 58, 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1993.tb00754.x

Greenstein, 2003, Clinical versus statistical significance as they relate to the efficacy of periodontal therapy, Journal of the American Dental Association, 134, 583, 10.14219/jada.archive.2003.0225

Todd, 1996, Clinical significance of reported pain severity, Annals of Emergency Medicine, 27, 485, 10.1016/S0196-0644(96)70238-X

Sackett, 2006, Superiority, equivalence and noninferiority trials, 196

Redelmeier, 1996, Assessing the minimal important difference in symptoms: a comparison of two techniques, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 49, 1215, 10.1016/S0895-4356(96)00206-5

Wright, 1996, The minimal important difference: who's to say what is important?, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 49, 1221, 10.1016/S0895-4356(96)00207-7

Busse JW, Guyatt, GH. Optimizing the use of patient data to improve outcomes for patients: narcotics for chronic noncancer pain. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics Outcomes Research 2009;9(2):171–9. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/705606 [Accessed 4 February 2010].

Farrar, 2000, Defining the clinically important difference in pain outcome measures, Pain, 88, 287, 10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00339-0

Yost, 2005, Combining distribution and anchor-based approaches to determine minimally important differences: the FACIT experience, Evaluation and the Health Professions, 28, 172, 10.1177/0163278705275340

Norman, 2005, Interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life: the remarkable universality of half a standard deviation, Medical Care, 41, 582, 10.1097/01.MLR.0000062554.74615.4C

Copay, 2007, Understanding the minimum clinically important difference: a review of concepts and methods, The Spine Journal, 7, 541, 10.1016/j.spinee.2007.01.008

Ostelo, 2008, Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain, Spine, 33, 90, 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31815e3a10