Statistical analysis on egalitarian land redistribution in Ethiopia: policy evaluation using repeated cross-sectional data
Tóm tắt
Rural livelihood in Ethiopia is dependent on subsistence agriculture that has been challenged by farmland shrinkage as a result of rapid population growth. The Amhara regional state government has implemented egalitarian farmland redistribution in 1997 in the region for small-scale and landless farmers. This study aimed to seek new insights from the perspective of equity, rather than efficiency such as agricultural investment and productivity which other previous studies have focused on, and quantitatively evaluated the effect of the land redistribution on the size of farmland holdings of subsistence farmers. Large-scale repeated cross-sectional national statistics, the Ethiopian Agricultural Sample Survey (AgSS) from 1995 to 1999 were used as the data of this analysis. The difference-in-differences (DiD) estimation was applied to evaluate how the land redistribution affected farmers' farmland holdings. The results showed that farmland holding size per farmer in the Amhara Region has significantly decreased after the land redistribution, therefore, this policy achieved certain results from the egalitarian perspective since national land endowments were redistributed from large-scale farmers to small-scale and landless farmers. However, this study focused on only the short-term effect of the land redistribution and more studies are needed to clarify the long-term effect.
Tài liệu tham khảo
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency). Africa: Ethiopia. The world factbook. 2019. https://www.cia.gov/llibrary/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html. Accessed 19 June 2020.
CSA. Key findings of the 2017/2018 (2010 E.C) agricultural sample survey. Addis Ababa: Central Statistical Agency; 2018.
Land Portal. Land and the sustainable development goals (SDGs). 2022. https://landportal.org/book/sdgs. Accessed 16 Jan 2022.
UN General Assembly. Sustainable development goals (SDGs): transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. New York: United Nations; 2015.
Ghatak M, Roy S. Land reform and agricultural productivity in India: a review of the evidence. Oxf Rev Econ Policy. 2007;23(2):251–69.
Binswanger HP, Deininger K, Feder G. Power, distortions, revolt and reform in agricultural land relations. Handb Dev Econ. 1995;3:2659–772.
Ege S. Peasant participation in land reform. In: Zewde B, Pausewang S, editors. Ethiopia: the challenge of democracy from below. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute; 2002. p. 71–86.
Kodama Y. Changes in relationship between state and society in Ethiopia: an analysis of historical land policies. In: Takeuchi S, editor. Land and the state in Africa: the evolution of land policies. Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization (IDE-JETRO): Chiba; 2015. p. 225–54 (In Japanese).
Adam AG. Informal settlements in the peri-urban areas of Bahir Dar, Ethiopia: an institutional analysis. Habitat Int. 2014;43:90–7.
Wubie AM, De Vries WT, Alemie BK. A socio-spatial analysis of land use dynamics and process of land intervention in the peri-urban areas of Bahir Dar City. Land. 2020;9(11):445.
Schwab P. Ethiopia politics, economics and society. London: Frances Pinter; 1985.
Bahru Z. A history of modern Ethiopia, 1855–1991. 2nd ed. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University Press; 2002.
Abegaz B. Escaping Ethiopia’s poverty trap: the case for a second agrarian reform. J Mod Afr Stud. 2004;42(3):313–42. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X04000217.
Crewett W, Bogale A, Korf B. Land tenure in Ethiopia: continuity and change, shifting rulers, and the quest for state control. CAPRi Working Paper No. 91. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute; 2008.
Dunning HC. Land reform in Ethiopia: a case study in non-development. UCLA Law Rev. 1970;18(2):271–307.
Marcus HG. A history of Ethiopia. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1994.
Mulatu W, Yohannis A. Ethiopia transition and development in the horn of Africa. Boulder: Westview Press; 1988.
Kloos H. Health aspects of resettlement in Ethiopia. Soc Sci Med. 1990;30(6):643–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(88)90250-X.
Devereux S, Teshome A, Sabates-Wheeler R. Too much inequality or too little? Inequality and stagnation in Ethiopian agriculture. IDS Bull. 2005;36(2):121–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2005.tb00208.x.
Teshome TT. Food security situation in Ethiopia: the case of Amhara national regional state. Ryukoku J Econ Stud. 2010;50(1):55–74.
CSA. The 2007 population and housing census of Ethiopia: Part I: population size and characteristics. Addis Ababa: Central Statistical Agency; 2007.
CSA. Ethiopia statistical abstract 2011/12: section B: population. Addis Ababa: Central Statistical Agency; 2011.
Ege S. The promised land: the Amhara land redistribution of 1997. Working Papers on Ethiopian development no. 12. Trondheim: Centre for Environment and Development, Norwegian University of Science and Technology; 1997.
Kefyalew EA. Essays on the effects of land redistribution, agricultural extension, and social learning on technology adoption and agricultural productivity in Ethiopia. Doctoral dissertation, Tokyo: National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies; 2015.
Kodama Y. State territorialization in rural Ethiopia: a case of land tenure system in Amhara region. In: Takeuchi S, editor. Land and power in Africa: understanding drastic rural changes in the age of land reform. Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization (IDE-JETRO): Chiba; 2017. p. 107–37 (In Japanese).
Kodama Y. Effects of the 1991 land redistribution on women’s right to land in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Sophia J Asian Afr Middle East Stud. 2018;36:9–22.
Abate T. Land, capital and labour in the social organization of farmers: a study of household dynamics in Southwestern Wollo, 1974–1993 (No. 4). Addis Ababa: Department of Sociology and Social Administration, College of Social Sciences, Addis Ababa University; 1998.
Benin S, Pender J. Impacts of land redistribution on land management and productivity in the Ethiopian highlands. Land Degrad Dev. 2001;12(6):555–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.473.
Holden S, Yohannes H. Land redistribution, tenure insecurity, and intensity of production: a study of farm households in southern Ethiopia. Land Econ. 2002;78(4):573–90. https://doi.org/10.2307/3146854.
Zimmermann-Steinhart P, Bekele Y. The implications of federalism and decentralisation on socio-economic conditions in Ethiopia. Potchefstroom Electron Law J/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad. 2012. https://doi.org/10.4314/pelj.v15i2.5.
Snyder KA, Ludi E, Cullen B, Tucker J, Zeleke AB, Duncan A. Participation and performance: decentralised planning and implementation in Ethiopia. Public Adm Dev. 2014;34(2):83–95.
Chanie P. Clientelism and Ethiopia’s post-1991 decentralisation. J Mod Afr Stud. 2007;45(3):355–84.
CSA. Agricultural sample survey 1995/96 (1988 E.C.) volume 1 report on area and production for major crops. Addis Ababa: Central Statistical Agency; 1996.
Deininger K, Ali DA, Holden S, Zevenbergen J. Rural land certification in Ethiopia: process, initial impact, and implications for other African countries. World Dev. 2008;36(10):1786–812.
Winship C, Radbill L. Sampling weights and regression analysis. Sociol Methods Res. 1994;23(2):230–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124194023002004.
UNSD (United Nations Statistics Division). Designing household survey samples practical guidelines. New York: United Nations; 2005.
Gertler PJ, Martinez S, Premand P, Rawlings LB, Vermeersch CM. Impact evaluation in practice. Washington, D.C: The World Bank; 2016.
Lumley T. Survey: analysis of complex survey samples. R package version 4.0; 2020.
Lumley T. Complex surveys: a guide to analysis using R. New York: Wiley; 2010.
Lumley T. Analysis of complex survey samples. J Stat Softw. 2004;9(1):1–19. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v009.i08.