Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in older adults: A review of the evidence

Robin Ali1, Karen P. Alexander2
1Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
2Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina

Tài liệu tham khảo

Thom, 2006, Heart disease and stroke statistics—2006 update: A report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee, Circulation, 113, e85, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.171600 Shepherd, 2004, A prospective study of pravastatin in the elderly at risk: New hope for older persons, Am J Geriatr Cardiol, 13, 17 He, 2005 Stone, 2005, Recent National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III update: Adjustments and options, Am J Cardiol, 96, 53E, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.06.006 Baigent, 2005, Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: Prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins, Lancet, 366, 1267, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67394-1 Grundy, 2004, Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, J Am Coll Cardiol, 44, 720, 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.07.001 Scuteri, 2005, The metabolic syndrome in older individuals: Prevalence and prediction of cardiovascular events: The Cardiovascular Health Study, Diabetes Care, 28, 882, 10.2337/diacare.28.4.882 Ridker, 2001, Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study Investigators Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events, N Engl J Med, 344, 1959, 10.1056/NEJM200106283442601 Grewal, 2003, Assessment of novel risk factors in patients at low risk for cardiovascular events based on Framingham risk stratification, Clin Invest Med, 26, 158 Ray, 2005, Early time to benefit with intensive statin treatment: Could it be the pleiotropic effects?, Am J Cardiol, 96, 54F, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.06.027 Tinetti, 2004, Potential pitfalls of disease-specific guidelines for patients with multiple conditions, N Engl J Med, 351, 2870, 10.1056/NEJMsb042458 Katzel, 2003, Dyslipoproteinemia, 875 Hazzard, 1992, Dyslipoproteinemia in the elderly. Should it be treated?, Clin Geriatr Med., 8, 89, 10.1016/S0749-0690(18)30499-3 Schupf, 2005, Relationship between plasma lipids and all-cause mortality in nondemented elderly, J Am Geriatr Soc, 53, 219, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53106.x Noel, 1991, Characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized older patients who develop hypocholesterolemia, J Am Geriatr Soc, 39, 455, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb02489.x Schatz, 2001, Cholesterol and allcause mortality in elderly people from the Honolulu Heart Program: A cohort study, Lancet, 358, 351, 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05553-2 Strandberg, 2004, Low cholesterol, mortality, and quality of fife in old age during a 39-year follow-up, J Ant Coll Cardiol, 44, 1002, 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.04.057 Houterman, 1999, Serum cholesterol is a risk factor for myocardial infarction in elderly men and women: The Rotterdam Study, J Intern Med, 246, 25, 10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00525.x Cheung, 2004, Metaanalysis of large randomized controlled trials to evaluate the impact of statins on cardiovascular outcomes, Br J Clin Pbarmacol, 57, 640, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2003.02060.x Sever, 2003, Lancet, 361, 1149, 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12948-0 Downs, 1998, Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: Results of ATCAPS/ TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study, JAMA, 279, 1615, 10.1001/jama.279.20.1615 Colhoun, 2004, Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): Multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, 364, 685, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16895-5 Shepherd, 2002, Lancet, 360, 1623, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11600-X 2002, MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: A randomised placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, 360, 7, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09327-3 2002, Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin vs usual care: The Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT-LLT), JAMA, 288, 2998, 10.1001/jama.288.23.2998 Shepherd, 1995, Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia, N Engl J Med, 333, 1301, 10.1056/NEJM199511163332001 Holdaas, 2003, Effect of fluvastatin on cardiac outcomes in renal transplant recipients: A multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, 361, 2024, 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13638-0 Sasaki, 2003, Reduction in serum total cholesterol and risks of coronary events and cerebral infarction in Japanese men: The Kyushu Lipid Intervention Study, Circ J, 67, 473, 10.1253/circj.67.473 Koizumi, 2002, Effect of pravastatin-induced LDL-cholesterol reduction on coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease in Japanese: Hokuriku Lipid Coronary Heart Disease Study- Pravastatin Atherosclerosis Trial (Holicos-PAT), J Atherosclerosis Thromb, 9, 251, 10.5551/jat.9.251 Ito, 2001, A comparison of low versus standard dose pravastatin therapy for the prevention of cardiovascular events in the elderly: The Pravastatin AntiAtherosclerosis Trial in the Elderly (PATE), J Atheroscler Thromb, 8, 33, 10.5551/jat1994.8.33 Sever, 2004, Drugs, 64, 43, 10.2165/00003495-200464002-00005 Stamler, 1993, Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial, Diabetes Care, 16, 434, 10.2337/diacare.16.2.434 Collins, 2002, High-risk elderly patients PROSPER from cholesterol-lowering therapy, Lancet, 360, 1618, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11650-3 Smith, 2006, Current and fixture directions of cardiovascular risk prediction, Am J Cardiol, 97, 28A, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.11.013 Pearson, 2003, Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: Application to clinical and public health practice: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association, Circulation, 107, 499, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000052939.59093.45 Mora, 2006, Justification for the use of statins in primary prevention: An intervention trial evaluating rosuvastatin (JUPITER)-can C-reactive protein be used to target statin therapy in primary prevention?, Am J Cardiol, 97, 33A, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.11.014 Tracy, 1997, Relationship of C-reactive protein to risk of cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Results from the Cardiovascular Health Study and the Rural Health Promotion Project, Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol, 17, 1121, 10.1161/01.ATV.17.6.1121 Packard, 2005, Plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins as predictors of cardiovascular risk and treat ment benefit in the PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER), Circulation, 112, 3058, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.526848 Physicans' Desk Reference, 2006 Law, 2006, Statin safety: A systematic review, Am J Cardiol, 97, 52C, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.010 Bays, 2006, Statin safety: An overview and assessment of the data-2005, Am J Cardiol, 97, 6C, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.006 Cusack, 2004, Pharmacokinetics in older persons, Am J Geriatr Pharmacother, 2, 274, 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2004.12.005 Davidson, 2001, Treatment of the elderly with 3-hydroxy3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors: Focus on drug interactions, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther, 6, 219, 10.1177/107424840100600302 Worz, 2001, The role of cytochrome P450mediated drug-drug interactions in determining the safety of statins, Expert Opin Pharmacother, 2, 1119, 10.1517/14656566.2.7.1119 Everett, 1991, Biotransformation of pravastatin sodium in humans, Drug Metab Dispos, 19, 740 McKenney, 2005, Efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin in treatment of dyslipidemia, Am J Health Syst Pharm, 62, 1033, 10.1093/ajhp/62.10.1033 Jafari, 2003, Efficacy of alternate-day dosing versus daily dosing of atorvastatin, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther, 8, 123, 10.1177/107424840300800205 McKenney, 2006, Final conclusions and recommendations of the National Lipid Association Statin Safety Assessment Task Force, Am J Cardiol, 97, 89C, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.02.030 Statins Mungall, 2003, Statin therapy in the elderly: Does it make good clinical and economic sense?, Drugs Aging, 20, 263, 10.2165/00002512-200320040-00003 Kulkarni, 2006, Long-term adherence with cardiovascular drug regimens, Am Heart J, 151, 185, 10.1016/j.ahj.2005.02.038 Benner, 2002, Long-term persistence in use of statin therapy in elderly patients, JAMA, 288, 455, 10.1001/jama.288.4.455 Jackevicius, 2002, Adherence with statin therapy in elderly patients with and without acute coronary syndromes, JAMA, 288, 462, 10.1001/jama.288.4.462 Holmes, 2006, Reconsidering medication appropriateness for patients late in life, Arch Intern Med, 166, 605, 10.1001/archinte.166.6.605