State of the evidence

Song, 2006, Population impact of arthritis on disability in older adults., Arthritis Rheum, 55, 248, 10.1002/art.21842

Lawrence, 2008, Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States: part II., Arthritis Rheum, 58, 26, 10.1002/art.23176

2010, Prevalence of doctor-diagnosed arthritis and arthritis-attributable activity limitation: United States, 2007-2009., MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 59, 1261

McDonough, 2010, The contribution of osteoarthritis to functional limitations and disability., Clin Geriatr Med Aug, 26, 387, 10.1016/j.cger.2010.04.001

Johnson, 2014, The epidemiology of osteoarthritis., Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 28, 5, 10.1016/j.berh.2014.01.004

McCurry, 2011, Frequency of comorbid insomnia, pain, and depression in older adults with osteoarthritis: predictors of enrollment in a randomized treatment trial., J Psychosom Research, 71, 296, 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.05.012

2013, Prevalence of doctor-diagnosed arthritis and arthritis-attributable activity limitation: United States, 2010-2012., MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 62, 869

Theis, 2007, Prevalence and correlates of arthritis-attributable work limitation in the US population among persons ages 18-64: 2002 National Health Interview Survey data., Arthritis Rheum, 57, 355, 10.1002/art.22622

Furner, 2011, Health-related quality of life of US adults with arthritis: analysis of data from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2003, 2005, and 2007., Arthritis Care Res, 63, 788, 10.1002/acr.20430

2011, Arthritis as a potential barrier to physical activity among adults with obesity., MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 60, 614

Johnson, 2014, The epidemiology of osteoarthritis., Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 28, 5, 10.1016/j.berh.2014.01.004

Neogi, 2013, Epidemiology of osteoarthritis., Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 39, 1, 10.1016/j.rdc.2012.10.004

Kim, 2014, Prevalence of radiographic and symptomatic hip osteoarthritis in an urban United States community: the Framingham osteoarthritis study., Arthritis Rheumatol, 66, 3013, 10.1002/art.38795

Kwok, 2014, The prevalence of erosive osteoarthritis in carpometacarpal joints and its clinical burden in symptomatic community-dwelling adults., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 22, 756, 10.1016/j.joca.2014.03.012

Tian, 2014, The high prevalence of symptomatic degenerative lumbar osteoarthritis in Chinese adults: a population-based study., Spine, 39, 1301, 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000396

Kobayashi, 2014, Prevalence of and risk factors for shoulder osteoarthritis in Japanese middle-aged and elderly populations., J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 23, 613, 10.1016/j.jse.2013.11.031

Kalichman, 2014, Midfoot and forefoot osteoarthritis., Foot, 24, 128, 10.1016/j.foot.2014.05.002

Tehrani-Banihashemi, 2014, Prevalence of osteoarthritis in rural areas of Iran: a WHO-ILAR COPCORD study., Int J Rheum Dis, 17, 384, 10.1111/1756-185X.12312

Thomas, 2014, Defining and mapping the person with osteoarthritis for population studies and public health., Rheumatology (Oxford), 53, 338, 10.1093/rheumatology/ket346

Cross, 2014, The global burden of hip and knee osteoarthritis: estimates from the global burden of disease 2010 study., Ann Rheum Dis, 73, 1323, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204763

Moriatis Wolf, 2014, Prevalence of doctor-diagnosed thumb carpometacarpal joint osteoarthritis: an analysis of Swedish healthcare., Arthritis Care Res, 66, 961, 10.1002/acr.22250

Rahman, 2014, Osteoarthritis incidence and trends in administrative health records from British Columbia, Canada., J Rheumatol, 41, 1147, 10.3899/jrheum.131011

Prieto-Alhambra, 2014, Incidence and risk factors for clinically diagnosed knee, hip and hand osteoarthritis: influences of age, gender and osteoarthritis affecting other joints., Ann Rheum Dis, 73, 1659, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203355

Turkiewicz, 2014, Current and future impact of osteoarthritis on healthcare: a population-based study with projections to year 2032., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 22, 1826, 10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.015

Cleveland, 2013, Associations of educational attainment, occupation, and community poverty with hip osteoarthritis., Arthritis Care Res, 65, 954, 10.1002/acr.21920

Cleveland, 2013, Associations of educational attainment, occupation and community poverty with hip osteoarthritis., Arthritis Care Res, 65, 954, 10.1002/acr.21920

Callahan, 2011, Associations of educational attainment, occupation and community poverty with knee osteoarthritis in the Johnston County (North Carolina) osteoarthritis project., Arthritis Res Therapy, 13, R169, 10.1186/ar3492

Dillon, 2006, Prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in the United States: arthritis data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1991-1994., J Rheumatol, 33, 2271

Jordan, 2007, Prevalence of knee symptoms and radiographic and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in African Americans and Caucasians: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project., J Rheumatol, 31, 172

Khan, 2014, A family history of knee joint replacement increases the progression of knee radiographic osteoarthritis and medial tibial cartilage volume loss over 10 years., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 23, 203, 10.1016/j.joca.2014.11.016

Blagojevic, 2010, Risk factors for onset of osteoarthritis of the knee in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 18, 24, 10.1016/j.joca.2009.08.010

Leung, 2015, Association between body mass index and risk of total knee replacement, the Singapore Chinese Health Study., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 23, 41, 10.1016/j.joca.2014.10.011

Shin, 2014, Association between metabolic syndrome, radiographic knee osteoarthritis, and intensity of knee pain: results of a national survey., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 99, 3177, 10.1210/jc.2014-1043

Visser, 2014, The role of fat mass and skeletal muscle mass in knee osteoarthritis is different for men and women: the NEO study., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 22, 197, 10.1016/j.joca.2013.12.002

Karvonen-Gutierrez, 2014, The relationship between longitudinal serum leptin measures and measures of magnetic resonance imaging-assessed knee joint damage in a population of mid-life women., Ann Rheum Dis, 73, 883, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202685

Fowler-Brown, 2015, The mediating effect of leptin on the relationship between body weight and knee osteoarthritis in older adults., Arthritis Rheumatol, 67, 169, 10.1002/art.38913

Lim, 2014, Association of obesity and systemic factors with bone marrow lesions at the knee: a systematic review., Semin Arthritis Rheum, 43, 600, 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.10.006

Valdes, 2014, Use of statins is associated with lower prevalence of generalised osteoarthritis., Ann Rheum Dis, 73, 943, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204382

Magnusson, 2014, No strong relationship between body mass index and clinical hand osteoarthritis: results from a population-based case-control study., Scandinavian J Rheumatol, 43, 409, 10.3109/03009742.2014.900700

Visser, 2014, Adiposity and hand osteoarthritis: the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity study., Arthritis Res Therapy, 16, R19, 10.1186/ar4447

Lu, 2014, Milk consumption and progression of medial tibiofemoral knee osteoarthritis: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative., Arthritis Care Res, 66, 802, 10.1002/acr.22297

McAlindon, 2013, Effect of vitamin D supplementation on progression of knee pain and cartilage volume loss in patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial., JAMA, 309, 155, 10.1001/jama.2012.164487

Zhang, 2014, Vitamin D deficiency is associated with progression of knee osteoarthritis., J Nutr, 144, 2002, 10.3945/jn.114.193227

Laslett, 2014, Moderate vitamin D deficiency is associated with changes in knee and hip pain in older adults: a 5-year longitudinal study., Ann Rheum Dis, 73, 697, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202831

Shea, 2014, The association between vitamin K status and knee osteoarthritis features in older adults: the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 23, 370, 10.1016/j.joca.2014.12.008

Chaganti, 2014, High plasma levels of vitamin C and E are associated with incident radiographic knee osteoarthritis., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 22, 190, 10.1016/j.joca.2013.11.008

Hardcastle, 2014, Prevalence of radiographic hip osteoarthritis is increased in high bone mass., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 22, 1120, 10.1016/j.joca.2014.06.007

Hardcastle, 2015, Individuals with high bone mass have an increased prevalence of radiographic knee osteoarthritis., Bone, 71, 171, 10.1016/j.bone.2014.10.015

Felson, 2014, Smoking and osteoarthritis: a review of the evidence and its implications., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 23, 331, 10.1016/j.joca.2014.11.022

Hui, 2011, Does smoking protect against osteoarthritis Meta-analysis of observational studies., Ann Rheum Dis, 70, 1231, 10.1136/ard.2010.142323

Leung, 2014, Cigarette smoking and risk of total knee replacement for severe osteoarthritis among Chinese in Singapore: the Singapore Chinese health study., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 22, 764, 10.1016/j.joca.2014.03.013

Clynes, 2014, Further evidence of the developmental origins of osteoarthritis: results from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study., J Dev Orig Health Dis, 5, 453, 10.1017/S2040174414000373

Zhang, 2008, Index to ring finger length ratio and the risk of osteoarthritis., Arthritis Rheum, 58, 137, 10.1002/art.23237

Sigurjonsdottir, 2013, Type 3 finger length pattern is associated with total knee replacements due to osteoarthritis but not with hip replacements or hand osteoarthritis in the elderly: the AGES-Reykjavik study., BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 14, 112, 10.1186/1471-2474-14-112

Ferraro, 2010, Site specific osteoarthritis and the index to ring finger length ratio., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 18, 354, 10.1016/j.joca.2009.11.001

Haugen, 2011, The associations between finger length pattern, osteoarthritis, and knee injury: data from the Framingham community cohort., Arthritis Rheum, 63, 2284, 10.1002/art.30408

Hussain, 2014, Association between index-to-ring finger length ratio and risk of severe knee and hip osteoarthritis requiring total joint replacement., Rheumatology (Oxford), 53, 1200, 10.1093/rheumatology/keu021

Nelson, 2014, Association of incident symptomatic hip osteoarthritis with differences in hip shape by active shape modeling: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project., Arthritis Care Res, 66, 74, 10.1002/acr.22094

Wise, 2014, Proximal femur shape differs between subjects with lateral and medial knee osteoarthritis and controls: the Osteoarthritis Initiative., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 22, 2067, 10.1016/j.joca.2014.08.013

Boissonneault, 2014, Association of hip and pelvic geometry with tibiofemoral osteoarthritis: Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study (MOST)., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 22, 1129, 10.1016/j.joca.2014.06.010

Thomas, 2014, Subclinical deformities of the hip are significant predictors of radiographic osteoarthritis and joint replacement in women. A 20 year longitudinal cohort study., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 22, 1504, 10.1016/j.joca.2014.06.038

Blagojevic, 2010, Risk factors for onset of osteoarthritis of the knee in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 18, 24, 10.1016/j.joca.2009.08.010

Lohmander, 2004, High prevalence of knee osteoarthritis, pain, and functional limitations in female soccer players twelve years after anterior cruciate ligament injury., Arthritis Rheum, 50, 3145, 10.1002/art.20589

Muthuri, 2011, History of knee injuries and knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 19, 1286, 10.1016/j.joca.2011.07.015

Roos, 2001, Long-term outcome of meniscectomy: sympotms, function, and performance tests in patient with or without radiographic osteoarthritis compared to matched controls., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 9, 316, 10.1053/joca.2000.0391

Roemer, 2014, Increased risk for radiographic osteoarthritis features in young active athletes: a cross-sectional matched case-control study., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 23, 239, 10.1016/j.joca.2014.11.011

Eckstein, 2015, Five-year followup of knee joint cartilage thickness changes after acute rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament., Arthritis Rheumatol, 67, 152, 10.1002/art.38881

Valderrabano, 2006, Ligamentous posttraumatic ankle osteoarthritis., Am J Sports Med, 34, 612, 10.1177/0363546505281813

Valderrabano, 2011, Ankle osteoarthritis: a review of the current state of knowledge., European Musculoskelet Rev, 6, 114

Valderrabano, 2009, Etiology of ankle osteoarthritis., Clin Orthop Relat Res, 467, 1800, 10.1007/s11999-008-0543-6

Harkey, 2015, Osteoarthritis-related biomarkers following anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction: a systematic review., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 23, 1, 10.1016/j.joca.2014.09.004

Driban, 2014, Association of knee injuries with accelerated knee osteoarthritis progression: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative., Arthritis Care Res, 66, 1673, 10.1002/acr.22359

Nordenvall, 2014, Cruciate ligament reconstruction and risk of knee osteoarthritis: the association between cruciate ligament injury and posttraumatic osteoarthritis. a population based nationwide study in Sweden, 1987-2009., PLoS One, 9, e104681, 10.1371/journal.pone.0104681

Bennell, 2013, Update on the role of muscle in the genesis and management of knee osteoarthritis., Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 39, 145, 10.1016/j.rdc.2012.11.003

Oiestad, 2014, Knee extensor muscle weakness is a risk factor for development of knee osteoarthritis. A systematic review and meta-analysis., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 23, 171, 10.1016/j.joca.2014.10.008

Ruhdorfer, 2014, Thigh muscle cross-sectional areas and strength in knees with early vs knees without radiographic knee osteoarthritis: a between-knee, within-person comparison., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 22, 1634, 10.1016/j.joca.2014.06.002

Ruhdorfer, 2014, Association of thigh muscle strength with knee symptoms and radiographic disease stage of osteoarthritis: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative., Arthritis Care Res, 66, 1344, 10.1002/acr.22317

Runhaar, 2014, Malalignment: a possible target for prevention of incident knee osteoarthritis in overweight and obese women., Rheumatology (Oxford), 53, 1618, 10.1093/rheumatology/keu141

Henriksen, 2014, Is there a causal link between knee loading and knee osteoarthritis progression A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and randomised trials., BMJ Open, 4, e005368, 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005368

Sharma, 2010, Varus and valgus alignment and incident and progressive knee osteoarthritis., Ann Rheum Dis, 69, 1940, 10.1136/ard.2010.129742

Tanamas, 2009, Does knee malalignment increase the risk of development and progression of knee osteoarthritis A systematic review., Arthritis Rheum, 61, 459, 10.1002/art.24336

Menz, 2015, Demographic and clinical factors associated with radiographic severity of first metatarsophalangeal joint osteoarthritis: cross-sectional findings from the Clinical Assessment Study of the Foot., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 23, 77, 10.1016/j.joca.2014.10.007

Barbour, 2014, Meeting physical activity guidelines and the risk of incident knee osteoarthritis: a population-based prospective cohort study., Arthritis Care Res, 66, 139, 10.1002/acr.22120

Golightly, 2009, Symptoms of the knee and hip in individuals with and without limb length inequality., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 17, 596, 10.1016/j.joca.2008.11.005

Golightly, 2010, Hazard of incident and progressive knee and hip radiographic osteoarthritis and chronic joint symptoms in individuals with and without limb length inequality., J Rheumatol, 37, 2133, 10.3899/jrheum.091410

Golightly, 2007, Relationship of limb length inequality with radiographic knee and hip osteoarthritis., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 15, 824, 10.1016/j.joca.2007.01.009

Harvey, 2010, Association of leg-length inequality with knee osteoarthritis: a cohort study., Ann Intern Med, 152, 287, 10.7326/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-00006

Schiphof, 2014, Crepitus is a first indication of patellofemoral osteoarthritis (and not of tibiofemoral osteoarthritis)., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 22, 631, 10.1016/j.joca.2014.02.008

Stefanik, 2014, The diagnostic performance of anterior knee pain and activity-related pain in identifying knees with structural damage in the patellofemoral joint: the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study., J Rheumatol, 41, 1695, 10.3899/jrheum.131555

Sharma, 2014, Significance of preradiographic magnetic resonance imaging lesions in persons at increased risk of knee osteoarthritis., Arthritis Rheumatol, 66, 1811, 10.1002/art.38611

Kerkhof, 2014, Prediction model for knee osteoarthritis incidence, including clinical, genetic and biochemical risk factors., Ann Rheum Dis, 73, 2116, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203620

Sharma, 2003, Quadriceps strength and osteoarthritis progression in malaligned and lax knees., Ann Intern Med, 138, 613, 10.7326/0003-4819-138-8-200304150-00006