Staging and Staging Errors in Bladder Cancer

European Urology Supplements - Tập 9 - Trang 2-9 - 2010
Peter J. Bostrom1, Bas W.G. van Rhijn1, Neil Fleshner1, Antonio Finelli1, Michael Jewett1, John Thoms2, Sally Hanna1, Cynthia Kuk1, Alexandre R. Zlotta1
1Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Hospital, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
2Radiation Oncology, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Hospital, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada

Tài liệu tham khảo

van Rhijn, 2009, Recurrence and progression of disease in non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer: from epidemiology to treatment strategy, Eur Urol, 56, 430, 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.06.028 Shariat, 2007, Discrepancy between clinical and pathologic stage: impact on prognosis after radical cystectomy, Eur Urol, 51, 137, 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.05.021 Sylvester, 2006, Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials, Eur Urol, 49, 466, 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.12.031 Ooms, 1983, Analysis of the performance of pathologists in the grading of bladder tumors, Hum Pathol, 14, 140, 10.1016/S0046-8177(83)80242-1 MacLennan, 2007, Histologic grading of noninvasive papillary urothelial neoplasms, Eur Urol, 51, 889, 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.10.037 May M, Brookman-Amissah S, Roigas J, et al. Prognostic accuracy of individual uropathologists in noninvasive urinary bladder carcinoma: a multicentre study comparing the 1973 and 2004 World Health Organisation classifications. Eur Urol. In press. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2009.03.052. van Rhijn BWG, van Leenders GJLH, Ooms BCM, et al. The pathologist's mean grade is constant and individualizes the prognostic value of bladder cancer grading. Eur Urol. In press. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2009.09.022. Babjuk, 2008, EAU guidelines on non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, Eur Urol, 54, 303, 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.04.051 Kirkali, 2005, Bladder cancer: epidemiology, staging and grading, and diagnosis, Urology, 66, 4, 10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.062 Younes, 1990, The usefulness of the level of the muscularis mucosae in the staging of invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, Cancer, 66, 543, 10.1002/1097-0142(19900801)66:3<543::AID-CNCR2820660323>3.0.CO;2-R Holmäng, 1997, The importance of the depth of invasion in stage T1 bladder carcinoma: a prospective cohort study, J Urol, 157, 800, 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65044-4 Orsola, 2005, Initial high-grade T1 urothelial cell carcinoma: feasibility and prognostic significance of lamina propria invasion microstaging (T1a/b/c) in BCG-treated and BCG-non-treated patients, Eur Urol, 48, 231, 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.04.013 Cheng, 1999, Predicting cancer progression in patients with stage T1 bladder carcinoma, J Clin Oncol, 17, 3182, 10.1200/JCO.1999.17.10.3182 van der Aa, 2005, A new system for substaging pT1 papillary bladder cancer: a prognostic evaluation, Hum Pathol, 36, 981, 10.1016/j.humpath.2005.06.017 Van Rhijn, 2009, Impact of sub-stage and pathology review on the clinical outcome of pT1 bladder cancer Yu, 2006, Superficial (pT2a) and deep (pT2b) muscle invasion in pathological staging of bladder cancer following radical cystectomy, J Urol, 176, 493, 10.1016/j.juro.2006.03.065 Boudreaux, 2009, Comparison of American Joint Committee on Cancer pathological stage T2a versus T2b urothelial carcinoma: analysis of patient outcomes in organ confined bladder cancer, J Urol, 181, 540, 10.1016/j.juro.2008.10.038 Cheng, 1999, Tumor size predicts the survival of patients with pathologic stage T2 bladder carcinoma: a critical evaluation of the depth of muscle invasion, Cancer, 85, 2638, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19990615)85:12<2638::AID-CNCR21>3.0.CO;2-V Bastian, 2008, Macroscopic, but not microscopic, perivesical fat invasion at radical cystectomy is an adverse predictor of recurrence and survival, BJU Int, 101, 450 Quek, 2004, Microscopic and gross extravesical extension in pathological staging of bladder cancer, J Urol, 171, 640, 10.1097/01.ju.0000108664.39035.51 Boudreaux, 2009, Comparison of American Joint Committee on Cancer pathologic stage T3a versus T3b urothelial carcinoma: analysis of patient outcomes, Cancer, 115, 770, 10.1002/cncr.24110 Liedberg, 2006, Lymph node metastasis in bladder cancer, Eur Urol, 49, 13, 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.08.007 Herr, 2003, Superiority of ratio based lymph node staging for bladder cancer, J Urol, 169, 943, 10.1097/01.ju.0000032474.22093.06 Stein, 2003, Risk factors for patients with pelvic lymph node metastases following radical cystectomy with en bloc pelvic lymphadenectomy: concept of lymph node density, J Urol, 170, 35, 10.1097/01.ju.0000072422.69286.0e Kassouf, 2008, Lymph node density is superior to TNM nodal status in predicting disease-specific survival after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: analysis of pooled data from MDACC and MSKCC, J Clin Oncol, 26, 121, 10.1200/JCO.2007.12.9247 Stephenson A, Gong M, Campbell S, Fergany A, Hansel D. Aggregate lymph node metastasis diameter and survival after radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer. Urology. In press. Babjuk, 2009, Transurethral resection of non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer, Eur Urol Suppl, 8, 542, 10.1016/j.eursup.2009.06.003 Herr, 2008, Quality control in transurethral resection of bladder tumours, BJU Int, 102, 1242, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07966.x Cauberg, 2009, How to improve the effectiveness of transurethral resection in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer?, Curr Opin Urol, 19, 504, 10.1097/MOU.0b013e32832eb2a3 Lerner, 2008, Prostatic biology, histologic patterns and clinical consequences of transitional cell carcinoma, Curr Opin Urol, 18, 508, 10.1097/MOU.0b013e32830b86f9 Jocham, 2008, Photodynamic diagnosis in urology: state-of-the-art, Eur Urol, 53, 1138, 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.11.048 Jocham, 2005, Improved detection and treatment of bladder cancer using hexaminolevulinate imaging: a prospective, phase III multicenter study, J Urol, 174, 862, 10.1097/01.ju.0000169257.19841.2a Fradet, 2007, A comparison of hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy and white light cystoscopy for the detection of carcinoma in situ in patients with bladder cancer: a phase III, multicenter study, J Urol, 178, 68, 10.1016/j.juro.2007.03.028 Naselli, 2010, Narrow band imaging for detecting residual/recurrent cancerous tissue during second transurethral resection of newly diagnosed non-muscle-invasive high-grade bladder cancer, BJU Int, 105, 208, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08701.x Sonn, 2009, Optical biopsy of human bladder neoplasia with in vivo confocal laser endomicroscopy, J Urol, 182, 1299, 10.1016/j.juro.2009.06.039 Goh, 2008, Optical coherence tomography as an adjunct to white light cystoscopy for intravesical real-time imaging and staging of bladder cancer, Urology, 72, 133, 10.1016/j.urology.2008.02.002 Schwaibold, 2006, The value of a second transurethral resection for T1 bladder cancer, BJU Int, 97, 1199, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06144.x Han, 2008, Results of repeated transurethral resection for a second opinion in patients referred for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: the referral cancer center experience and review of the literature, J Endourol, 22, 2699, 10.1089/end.2008.0281 Divrik, 2006, Is a second transurethral resection necessary for newly diagnosed pT1 bladder cancer?, J Urol, 175, 1258, 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00689-0 Herr, 2006, A re-staging transurethral resection predicts early progression of superficial bladder cancer, BJU Int, 97, 1194, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06145.x Ng, 2006, Radiologic diagnosis and staging of renal and bladder cancer, Semin Roentgenol, 41, 121, 10.1053/j.ro.2006.02.005 Vikram, 2009, Imaging and staging of transitional cell carcinoma: part 1, lower urinary tract, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 192, 1481, 10.2214/AJR.08.1318 Vikram, 2009, Imaging and staging of transitional cell carcinoma: part 2, upper urinary tract, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 192, 1488, 10.2214/AJR.09.2577 Bartsch, 2007, Hydronephrosis as a prognostic marker in bladder cancer in a cystectomy-only series, Eur Urol, 51, 690, 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.07.009 Jager, 1996, Pelvic adenopathy in prostatic and urinary bladder carcinoma: MR imaging with a three-dimensional TI-weighted magnetization-prepared-rapid gradient-echo sequence, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 167, 1503, 10.2214/ajr.167.6.8956585 Swinnen, 2010, FDG-PET/CT for the preoperative lymph node staging of invasive bladder cancer, Eur Urol, 57, 641, 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.05.014 Kibel, 2009, Prospective study of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography for staging of muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma, J Clin Oncol, 27, 4314, 10.1200/JCO.2008.20.6722 Deserno, 2004, Urinary bladder cancer: preoperative nodal staging with ferumoxtran-10-enhanced MR imaging, Radiology, 233, 449, 10.1148/radiol.2332031111 Harisinghani, 2003, Noninvasive detection of clinically occult lymph-node metastases in prostate cancer, N Engl J Med, 348, 2491, 10.1056/NEJMoa022749 Thoeny, 2009, Combined ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide–enhanced and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging reliably detect pelvic lymph node metastases in normal-sized nodes of bladder and prostate cancer patients, Eur Urol, 55, 761, 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.12.034 Sherif, 2006, Hybrid SPECT-CT: an additional technique for sentinel node detection of patients with invasive bladder cancer, Eur Urol, 50, 83, 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.03.002 Stenzl, 2009, The updated EAU guidelines on muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer, Eur Urol, 55, 815, 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.01.002 Brismar J, Gustafson T. Bone scintigraphy in staging of bladder carcinoma. Acta Radiol, 29; 251–2. Lauenstein, 2004, Whole-body MR imaging: evaluation of patients for metastases, Radiology, 233, 139, 10.1148/radiol.2331030777 Lotan, 2005, Lymphovascular invasion is independently associated with overall survival, cause-specific survival, and local and distant recurrence in patients with negative lymph nodes at radical cystectomy, J Clin Oncol, 23, 6533, 10.1200/JCO.2005.05.516 Kunju, 2008, Lymphovascular invasion of urothelial cancer in matched transurethral bladder tumor resection and radical cystectomy specimens, J Urol, 180, 1928, 10.1016/j.juro.2008.07.056 Karakiewicz, 2006, Nomogram for predicting disease recurrence after radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, J Urol, 176, 1354, 10.1016/j.juro.2006.06.025 Margel, 2009, A novel algorithm to improve pathologic stage prediction of clinically organ-confined muscle-invasive bladder cancer, Cancer, 115, 1459, 10.1002/cncr.24138 Herr, 2007, Defining optimal therapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer, J Urol, 177, 437, 10.1016/j.juro.2006.09.027 Eble, 2004 Mostofi F, Sobin L, Torloni H. Histological typing of urinary bladder tumors. In: International classification of tumors. 1st ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1973. 2002, 199 Paik, 2000, Limitations of computerized tomography in staging invasive bladder cancer before radical cystectomy, J Urol, 163, 1693, 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67522-2 Yaman, 1996, Staging with computed tomography, transrectal ultrasonography and transurethral resection of bladder tumour: comparison with final pathological stage in invasive bladder carcinoma, Br J Urol, 78, 197, 10.1046/j.1464-410X.1996.01008.x Kim, 1994, Bladder tumor staging: comparison of contrast-enhanced CT, T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging, dynamic gadolinium-enhanced imaging, and late gadolinium-enhanced imaging, Radiology, 193, 239, 10.1148/radiology.193.1.8090898 Tanimoto, 1992, Bladder tumor staging: comparison of conventional and gadolinium-enhanced dynamic MR imaging and CT, Radiology, 185, 741, 10.1148/radiology.185.3.1438756 Hayashi, 2000, A new staging criterion for bladder carcinoma using gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with an endorectal surface coil: a comparison with ultrasonography, BJU Int, 85, 32, 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00358.x Tekes, 2005, Dynamic MRI of bladder cancer: evaluation of staging accuracy, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 184, 121, 10.2214/ajr.184.1.01840121 Watanabe, 2009, Preoperative T staging of urinary bladder cancer: does diffusion-weighted MRI have supplementary value?, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 192, 1361, 10.2214/AJR.08.1430 Hofer, 2001, Diagnosis and monitoring of urological tumors using positron emission tomography, Eur Urol, 40, 481, 10.1159/000049823 Barentsz, 1997, What is new in bladder cancer imaging, Urol Clin North Am, 24, 583, 10.1016/S0094-0143(05)70403-1 Husband, 1995, Computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of bladder cancer, J Belge Radiol, 78, 350 Drieskens, 2005, FDG-PET for preoperative staging of bladder cancer, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 32, 1412, 10.1007/s00259-005-1886-9 Picchio, 2006, Value of 11C-choline PET and contrast-enhanced CT for staging of bladder cancer: correlation with histopathologic findings, J Nucl Med, 47, 938