Sprinkler Irrigation Efficiency in Relation to Water Surface Tension: Pesticide and Fertilizer Effect on Drop Size and Soil Water Uptake
Tóm tắt
Increasing pressure on water resources in semi-arid regions is forcing farmers to use more effective pressurized water application. Sprinkler irrigation efficiency is directly related to the droplet size, which its contributing factors have mostly been studied macroscopically (e.g., nozzle size, flow pressure). As a result, the importance of microscopic phenomena such as molecular interactions in water drop formation has been overlooked. In this study, the role of surface tension in water atomization has been investigated. Using drop volume method, two conventional surfactants, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and two commercial fertilizers and pesticides have been employed to investigate the mechanisms via which dissolved materials can affect the water drop size during atomization. Experimental results from this study revealed the commercial fertilizers and pesticides can significantly reduce the surface tension of water and, therefore, size of water droplets (up to 60%). It is also identified that flow rate is a critical factor affecting droplet size when commercial fertilizers and pesticides are present in the system. Furthermore, it was found that fertilizers and pesticides can reduce overall soil water adsorption up to 10%. Consideration of these outcomes in the design of sprinkle irrigation systems can substantially improve water conservation and the environmental sustainability in the areas adversely affected by global warming.
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