Spirituality and Cognition: Does Spirituality Influence What We Attend to and Remember?
Tóm tắt
This study investigated how spirituality as a positive life theme might be related to one’s unique style of cognitive processing. Study participants included 80 individuals; 40 older adults and 40 younger adults. Word recall and recognition tasks assessed memory for positive, negative, neutral, and religious words. Results indicated that spirituality does not appear to be related to cognitive bias, but that words with either positive, negative, neutral, or religious connotations are recalled and recognized at different rates.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Black, H. (1999). Life as gift; Spiritual narratives of elderly African American women living in poverty. Journal of Aging Studies, 13, 441–455.
Cloitre, M., & Liebowitz, M. R. (1991). Memory bias in panic disorder: An investigation of the cognitive avoidance hypothesis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 15, 371–386.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Professional manual for the NEO PI-R and the NEO-FFI. Odessa, FL.: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
Fetzer Institute. (1999, October). Multidimensional measurement of religiousness/spirituality for use in health research: A report of the Fetzer Institute/National Institute on Aging Workshop Group.
Helminiak, D. A. (2001). Treating spiritual issues in secular psychotherapy. Counseling and Values, 45(3), 163–189.
Ita, D. J. (1995). Testing of a causal model: Acceptance of death in hospice patients. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 32(2), 81–92.
Kaspi, S. P., McNally, R. J., & Amir, N. (1995). Cognitive processing of emotional information in posttraumatic stress disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 433–444.
McFadden, S. H. (1996). Religion, spirituality, and aging. In J. E. Birren, K. W. Schaie, R. P. Abeles, M. Gatz, & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), Handbook of the Psychology of Aging (4th ed., pp. 162–177). San Diego: Academic Press.
McNally, R. J., Kaspi, S. P., Riemann, B. C., & Zeitlin, S. B. (1990). Selective processing of threat cues in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 398–402.
Park, J. H., Meyers, L. S., & Czar, G. C. (1998). Religiosity and spirituality: An exploratory analysis using the CPI 3-vector model. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 13, 541–553.
Pritt, A. (1998). Spiritual correlates of reported sexual abuse among Mormon women. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 273–285.
Rinck, M., Glowalla, U., Schneider, K. (1992). Mood-congruent and mood-incongruent learning. Memory & Cognition, 20(1), 29–39.
Roof, W. C. (1999). Spiritual marketplace: Baby boomers and the remaking of American religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247.
Schweizer, K., Beck-Seyffer, A., & Schneider, R. (1999). Cognitive bias of optimism and its influence on psychological well being. Psychological Reports, 84, 627–636.
Taylor, R. J. (1999). Subjective religiosity among African Americans: a synthesis of findings from 5 national samples. Journal of Black Psychology, 25, 524–544.
Thorndike, E. L., & Lorge, I. (1944). The teacher’s word book of 30,000 words. New York: Teachers College Press.
Williamson, D. A., & Muller, S. L. (1999). Cognitive bias in eating disorders: Implications for theory and treatment. Behavior Modification, 23, 556–578.
Wink, P., & Dillon, M. (2002). Spiritual development across the adult life course: Findings from a longitudinal study. Journal of Adult Development, 9(1), 79–94.