Spinal muscle evaluation in healthy individuals and low-back-pain patients: a literature review

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Mannion, 1998, The influence of muscle fiber size and type distribution on electromyographic measures of back muscle fatigability, Spine, 23, 576, 10.1097/00007632-199803010-00010

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Mannion, 1997, The use of surface EMG power spectral analysis in the evaluation of back muscle function, J Rehabil Res Dev, 34, 427

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Strobel, 1997, Tissue oxygen measurement and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with muscle tension and fibromyalgia, Rheumatol Int, 16, 175, 10.1007/BF01330292

Kell, 2004, Reliability of erector spinae oxygenation and blood volume responses using near-infrared spectroscopy in healthy males, Eur J Appl Physiol, 91, 499, 10.1007/s00421-003-1014-0

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McGill, 2000, Lumbar erector spinae oxygenation during prolonged contractions: implications for prolonged work, Ergonomics, 43, 486, 10.1080/001401300184369

Kovacs, 2001, Localized oxygen use of healthy and low back pain individuals during controlled trunk movements, J Spinal Disord, 14, 150, 10.1097/00002517-200104000-00010

Stokes, 2003, Surface EMG electrodes do not accurately record from lumbar multifidus muscles, Clin Biomech, 18, 9, 10.1016/S0268-0033(02)00140-7

McGill, 1996, Appropriately placed surface EMG electrodes reflect deep muscle activity (psoas, quadratus lumborum, abdominal wall) in the lumbar spine, J Biomech, 29, 1503, 10.1016/0021-9290(96)84547-7

De Luca, 1993, Use of the surface EMG signal for performance evaluation of back muscles, Muscle Nerve, 16, 210, 10.1002/mus.880160216

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Ebenbichler, 2002, Reliability of EMG time-frequency measures of fatigue during repetitive lifting, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 34, 1316, 10.1097/00005768-200208000-00013

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Lehman, 1999, The importance of normalization in the interpretation of surface electromyography: a proof of principle, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 22, 444, 10.1016/S0161-4754(99)70032-1

Lariviere, 2003, Surface electromyography assessment of back muscle intrinsic properties, J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 13, 305, 10.1016/S1050-6411(03)00039-7

Demoulin, 2006, Spinal muscle evaluation using the Sorensen test: a critical appraisal of the literature, Joint Bone Spine, 73, 43, 10.1016/j.jbspin.2004.08.002

Roy, 1995, Spectral electromyographic assessment of back muscles in patients with low back pain undergoing rehabilitation, Spine, 20, 38, 10.1097/00007632-199501000-00008

Floyd, 1951, Function of the erector spinae muscles in flexion of the trunk, Lancet, 1, 133, 10.1016/S0140-6736(51)91212-3

Neblett, 2003, Quantifying the lumbar flexion-relaxation phenomenon: theory, normative data, and clinical applications, Spine, 28, 1435, 10.1097/01.BRS.0000067085.46840.5A

McGill, 1994, Transfer of loads between lumbar tissues during the flexion-relaxation phenomenon, Spine, 19, 2190, 10.1097/00007632-199410000-00013

Gupta, 2001, Analyses of myo-electrical silence of erectors spinae, J Biomech, 34, 491, 10.1016/S0021-9290(00)00213-X

Andersson, 1996, EMG activities of the quadratus lumborum and erector spinae muscles during flexion-relaxation and other motor tasks, Clin Biomech, 11, 392, 10.1016/0268-0033(96)00033-2

Watson, 1997, Surface electromyography in the identification of chronic low back pain patients: the development of the flexion relaxation ratio, Clin Biomech, 12, 165, 10.1016/S0268-0033(97)00065-X

Finneran, 2003, Large-array surface electromyography in low back pain: a pilot study, Spine, 28, 1447, 10.1097/01.BRS.0000067565.16832.B9

Pullman, 2000, Clinical utility of surface EMG: report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology, Neurology, 55, 171, 10.1212/WNL.55.2.171

Arnall, 2002, Between-days reliability of electromyographic measures of paraspinal muscle fatigue at 40, 50 and 60% levels of maximal voluntary contractile force, Clin Rehabil, 16, 761, 10.1191/0269215502cr551oa