Spinal cord injury impacts B cell production, homeostasis, and activation

Wrona, 2006, Neural-immune interactions: an integrative view of the bidirectional relationship between the brain and immune systems, J Neuroimmunol, 172, 38, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.10.017 McEwen, 1997, The role of adrenocorticoids as modulators of immune function in health and disease: neural, endocrine and immune interactions, Brain Res Brain Res Rev, 23, 79, 10.1016/S0165-0173(96)00012-4 Cohen, 2001, Psychological stress and antibody response to immunization: a critical review of the human literature, Psychosom Med, 63, 7, 10.1097/00006842-200101000-00002 Elenkov, 2000, The sympathetic nerve – an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune system, Pharmacol Rev, 52, 595 Felten, 1984, Sympathetic innervation of lymph nodes in mice, Brain Res Bull, 13, 693, 10.1016/0361-9230(84)90230-2 Felten, 1987, Noradrenergic sympathetic innervation of the spleen: II. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive nerve terminals form synaptic like contacts on lymphocytes in the splenic white pulp, J Neurosci Res, 18, 37, 10.1002/jnr.490180108 Felten, 1988, Noradrenergic sympathetic innervation of lymphoid organs, Prog Allergy, 43, 14 Nance, 2007, Autonomic innervation and regulation of the immune system (1987–2007), Brain Behav Immun, 21, 736, 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.03.008 Galea, 2007, What is immune privilege (not)?, Trends Immunol, 28, 12, 10.1016/j.it.2006.11.004 Salim, 2012, Inflammation in anxiety, Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol, 88, 1, 10.1016/B978-0-12-398314-5.00001-5 Sternberg, 2001, Neuroendocrine regulation of autoimmune/inflammatory disease, J Endocrinol, 169, 429, 10.1677/joe.0.1690429 Berkenbosch, 1987, Corticotropin-releasing factor-producing neurons in the rat activated by interleukin-1, Science, 238, 524, 10.1126/science.2443979 Dunn, 1988, Systemic interleukin-1 administration stimulates hypothalamic norepinephrine metabolism parallelling the increased plasma corticosterone, Life Sci, 43, 429, 10.1016/0024-3205(88)90522-X Patterson, 2002, Immune-mediated protection from measles virus-induced central nervous system disease is noncytolytic and gamma interferon dependent, J Virol, 76, 4497, 10.1128/JVI.76.9.4497-4506.2002 Proescholdt, 2002, Intracerebroventricular but not intravenous interleukin-1 beta induces widespread vascular-mediated leukocyte infiltration and immune signal mRNA expression followed by brain-wide glial activation, Neuroscience, 112, 731, 10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00048-9 Bernardes-Silva, 2001, Recruitment of neutrophils across the blood–brain barrier: the role of E- and P-selectins, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 21, 1115, 10.1097/00004647-200109000-00009 Capuron, 2011, Immune system to brain signaling: neuropsychopharmacological implications, Pharmacol Ther, 130, 226, 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.014 Meisel, 2005, Central nervous system injury-induced immune deficiency syndrome, Nat Rev Neurosci, 6, 775, 10.1038/nrn1765 DeVivo, 1989, Cause of death for patients with spinal cord injuries, Arch Intern Med, 149, 1761, 10.1001/archinte.1989.00390080043011 Busslinger, 2004, Transcriptional control of early B cell development, Annu Rev Immunol, 22, 55, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104807 Georgopoulos, 2002, Haematopoietic cell-fate decisions, chromatin regulation and ikaros, Nat Rev Immunol, 2, 162, 10.1038/nri747 Northrup, 2008, Transcriptional regulation of early B cell development, Immunol Res, 42, 106, 10.1007/s12026-008-8043-z Hardy, 2000, B-cell commitment, development and selection, Immunol Rev, 175, 23, 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2000.imr017517.x Hardy, 1989, B cell ontogeny and B cell subsets, Curr Opin Immunol, 2, 189, 10.1016/0952-7915(89)90187-8 Osmond, 1998, Murine B lymphopoiesis: towards a unified model, Immunol Today, 19, 65, 10.1016/S0167-5699(97)01203-6 Hardy, 1995, B-lineage differentiation stages resolved by multiparameter flow cytometry, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 764, 19, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb55800.x Allman, 1992, Peripheral B cell maturation. I. Immature peripheral B cells in adults are heat-stable antigenhi and exhibit unique signaling characteristics, J Immunol, 149, 2533, 10.4049/jimmunol.149.8.2533 Allman, 1993, Peripheral B cell maturation. II. Heat-stable antigen(hi) splenic B cells are an immature developmental intermediate in the production of long-lived marrow-derived B cells, J Immunol, 151, 4431, 10.4049/jimmunol.151.9.4431 Loder, 1999, B cell development in the spleen takes place in discrete steps and is determined by the quality of B cell receptor-derived signals, J Exp Med, 190, 75, 10.1084/jem.190.1.75 Stein, 2005, Chemokine control of lymphocyte trafficking: a general overview, Immunology, 116, 1, 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02183.x Pillai, 2005, Marginal zone B cells, Annu Rev Immunol, 23, 161, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115728 Martin, 2002, Marginal-zone B cells, Nat Rev Immunol, 2, 323, 10.1038/nri799 Oliver, 1997, Marginal zone B cells exhibit unique activation, proliferative and immunoglobulin secretory responses, Eur J Immunol, 27, 2366, 10.1002/eji.1830270935 Martin, 2000, Positive selection from newly formed to marginal zone B cells depends on the rate of clonal production, CD19, and btk, Immunity, 12, 39, 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80157-0 Julien, 2002, B cell positive selection by soluble self-antigen, J Immunol, 169, 4198, 10.4049/jimmunol.169.8.4198 Thien, 2004, Excess BAFF rescues self-reactive B cells from peripheral deletion and allows them to enter forbidden follicular and marginal zone niches, Immunity, 20, 785, 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.05.010 Pillai, 2009, The follicular versus marginal zone B lymphocyte cell fate decision, Nat Rev Immunol, 9, 767, 10.1038/nri2656 Allman, 2008, Peripheral B cell subsets, Curr Opin Immunol, 20, 149, 10.1016/j.coi.2008.03.014 Monroe, 2007, Fate decisions regulating bone marrow and peripheral B lymphocyte development, Adv Immunol, 95, 1, 10.1016/S0065-2776(07)95001-4 Agenes, 1999, Transfer of small resting B cells into immunodeficient hosts results in the selection of a self-renewing activated B cell population, J Exp Med, 189, 319, 10.1084/jem.189.2.319 Montecino-Rodriguez, 2006, New perspectives in B-1 B cell development and function, Trends Immunol, 27, 428, 10.1016/j.it.2006.07.005 Hardy, 2006, B-1 B cell development, J Immunol, 177, 2749, 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.2749 Baumgarth, 2011, The double life of a B-1 cell: self-reactivity selects for protective effector functions, Nat Rev Immunol, 11, 34, 10.1038/nri2901 Campagnolo, 1999, Adrenal and pituitary hormone patterns after spinal cord injury, Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 78, 361, 10.1097/00002060-199907000-00013 Lucin, 2007, Impaired antibody synthesis after spinal cord injury is level dependent and is due to sympathetic nervous system dysregulation, Exp Neurol, 207, 75, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.05.019 Lucin, 2009, Stress hormones collaborate to induce lymphocyte apoptosis after high level spinal cord injury, J Neurochem, 110, 1409, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06232.x Oropallo, 2012, Chronic spinal cord injury impairs primary antibody responses but spares existing humoral immunity in mice, J Immunol, 188, 5257, 10.4049/jimmunol.1101934 Igarashi, 2005, Early lymphoid progenitors in mouse and man are highly sensitive to glucocorticoids, Int Immunol, 17, 501, 10.1093/intimm/dxh230 Garvy, 1993, Chronic elevation of plasma corticosterone causes reductions in the number of cycling cells of the B lineage in murine bone marrow and induces apoptosis, Immunology, 80, 587 Voetberg, 1994, Apoptosis accompanies a change in the phenotypic distribution and functional capacity of murine bone marrow B-cells chronically exposed to prednisolone, Clin Immunol Immunopathol, 71, 190, 10.1006/clin.1994.1071 Laakko, 2002, Rapid changes in the lymphopoietic and granulopoietic compartments of the marrow caused by stress levels of corticosterone, Immunology, 105, 111, 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2002.01346.x Brattsand, 1996, Cytokine modulation by glucocorticoids: mechanisms and actions in cellular studies, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 10, 81, 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1996.22164025.x Maestroni, 1995, Adrenergic regulation of haematopoiesis, Pharmacol Res, 32, 249, 10.1016/S1043-6618(05)80012-X Forster, 1990, The bulk of the peripheral B-cell pool in mice is stable and not rapidly renewed from the bone marrow, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 87, 4781, 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4781 Forster, 1989, Flow cytometric analysis of cell proliferation dynamics in the B cell compartment of the mouse, Int Immunol, 1, 321, 10.1093/intimm/1.4.321 Osmond, 1974, Differentiation of lymphocytes in mouse bone marrow. II. Kinetics of maturation and renewal of antiglobulin-binding cells studied by double labeling, Cell Immunol, 13, 132, 10.1016/0008-8749(74)90233-0 Rolink, 1998, Characterization of immature B cells by a novel monoclonal antibody, by turnover and by mitogen reactivity, Eur J Immunol, 28, 3738, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199811)28:11<3738::AID-IMMU3738>3.0.CO;2-Q Sprent, 1973, Circulating T and B lymphocytes of the mouse. II. Lifespan, Cell Immunol, 7, 40, 10.1016/0008-8749(73)90181-0 Agenes, 1997, Independent homeostatic regulation of B cell compartments, Eur J Immunol, 27, 1801, 10.1002/eji.1830270731 Cancro, 2004, Peripheral B-cell maturation: the intersection of selection and homeostasis, Immunol Rev, 197, 89, 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0099.x Harless, 2001, Competition for BLyS-mediated signaling through Bcmd/BR3 regulates peripheral B lymphocyte numbers, Curr Biol, 11, 1986, 10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00598-X Lam, 1997, In vivo ablation of surface immunoglobulin on mature B cells by inducible gene targeting results in rapid cell death, Cell, 90, 1073, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80373-6 Hahne, 1998, APRIL, a new ligand of the tumor necrosis factor family, stimulates tumor cell growth, J Exp Med, 188, 1185, 10.1084/jem.188.6.1185 Kelly, 2000, APRIL/TRDL-1, a tumor necrosis factor-like ligand, stimulates cell death, Cancer Res, 60, 1021 Madry, 1998, The characterization of murine BCMA gene defines it as a new member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, Int Immunol, 10, 1693, 10.1093/intimm/10.11.1693 Mackay, 1999, Mice transgenic for BAFF develop lymphocytic disorders along with autoimmune manifestations, J Exp Med, 190, 1697, 10.1084/jem.190.11.1697 Moore, 1999, BLyS: member of the tumor necrosis factor family and B lymphocyte stimulator, Science, 285, 260, 10.1126/science.285.5425.260 Shu, 1999, TALL-1 is a novel member of the TNF family that is down-regulated by mitogens, J Leukoc Biol, 65, 680, 10.1002/jlb.65.5.680 Shu, 2000, B cell maturation protein is a receptor for the tumor necrosis factor family member TALL-1, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 97, 9156, 10.1073/pnas.160213497 von Bulow, 1997, NF-AT activation induced by a CAML-interacting member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, Science, 278, 138, 10.1126/science.278.5335.138 Bossen, 2006, BAFF, APRIL and their receptors: structure, function and signaling, Semin Immunol, 18, 263, 10.1016/j.smim.2006.04.006 Day, 2005, Selectivity of BAFF/BLyS and APRIL for binding to the TNF family receptors BAFFR/BR3 and BCMA, Biochemistry, 44, 1919, 10.1021/bi048227k Marsters, 2000, Interaction of the TNF homologues BLyS and APRIL with the TNF receptor homologues BCMA and TACI, Curr Biol, 10, 785, 10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00566-2 Crowley, 2005, Homeostatic niche specification among naive and activated B cells: a growing role for the BLyS family of receptors and ligands, Semin Immunol, 17, 193, 10.1016/j.smim.2005.02.001 Treml, 2006, BLyS receptor signatures resolve homeostatically independent compartments among naive and antigen-experienced B cells, Semin Immunol, 18, 297, 10.1016/j.smim.2006.07.001 Stadanlick, 2008, Tonic B cell antigen receptor signals supply an NF-kappaB substrate for prosurvival BLyS signaling, Nat Immunol, 9, 1379, 10.1038/ni.1666 Lentz, 1996, Bcmd governs recruitment of new B cells into the stable peripheral B cell pool in the A/WySnJ mouse, J Immunol, 157, 598, 10.4049/jimmunol.157.2.598 Lentz, 1998, Bcmd decreases the life span of B-2 but not B-1 cells in A/WySnJ mice, J Immunol, 160, 3743, 10.4049/jimmunol.160.8.3743 Miller, 1992, A single autosomal gene defect severely limits IgG but not IgM responses in B lymphocyte-deficient A/WySnJ mice, Eur J Immunol, 22, 373, 10.1002/eji.1830220213 Miller, 1991, Phenotypic and genetic characterization of a unique B lymphocyte deficiency in strain A/WySnJ mice, Eur J Immunol, 21, 1123, 10.1002/eji.1830210506 Yan, 2001, Identification of a novel receptor for B lymphocyte stimulator that is mutated in a mouse strain with severe B cell deficiency, Curr Biol, 11, 1547, 10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00481-X Sindhava, 2014, APRIL mediates peritoneal B-1 cell homeostasis, Immunol Lett, 160, 120, 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.01.018 Sindhava, 2013, Roles for BLyS family members in meeting the distinct homeostatic demands of innate and adaptive B cells, Front Immunol, 4, 37, 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00037 O‘Connor, 2004, BCMA is essential for the survival of long-lived bone marrow plasma cells, J Exp Med, 199, 91, 10.1084/jem.20031330 Martin, 2001, Marginal zone and B1 B cells unite in the early response against T-independent blood-borne particulate antigens, Immunity, 14, 617, 10.1016/S1074-7613(01)00129-7 Felten, 1987, Noradrenergic sympathetic innervation of the spleen: I. Nerve fibers associate with lymphocytes and macrophages in specific compartments of the splenic white pulp, J Neurosci Res, 18, 28, 10.1002/jnr.490180107 Kohm, 2001, Norepinephrine and beta 2-adrenergic receptor stimulation regulate CD4+ T and B lymphocyte function in vitro and in vivo, Pharmacol Rev, 53, 487 MacNeil, 1996, Activation and selectivity of splenic sympathetic nerve electrical activity response to bacterial endotoxin, Am J Physiol, 270, R264 Magri, 2014, Innate lymphoid cells integrate stromal and immunological signals to enhance antibody production by splenic marginal zone B cells, Nat Immunol, 15, 354, 10.1038/ni.2830 Puga, 2012, B cell-helper neutrophils stimulate the diversification and production of immunoglobulin in the marginal zone of the spleen, Nat Immunol, 13, 170, 10.1038/ni.2194 Gatto, 2010, The germinal center reaction, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 126, 898, 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.09.007 Held, 2010, Impaired immune responses following spinal cord injury lead to reduced ability to control viral infection, Exp Neurol, 226, 242, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.036 Kohm, 2000, Activation of antigen-specific CD4+ Th2 cells and B cells in vivo increases norepinephrine release in the spleen and bone marrow, J Immunol, 165, 725, 10.4049/jimmunol.165.2.725 Podojil, 2003, Selective regulation of mature IgG1 transcription by CD86 and beta 2-adrenergic receptor stimulation, J Immunol, 170, 5143, 10.4049/jimmunol.170.10.5143 Roper, 2002, Prostaglandin E2 and cAMP promote B lymphocyte class switching to IgG1, Immunol Lett, 84, 191, 10.1016/S0165-2478(02)00185-2 Kasprowicz, 2000, Stimulation of the B cell receptor, CD86 (B7-2), and the beta 2-adrenergic receptor intrinsically modulates the level of IgG1 and IgE produced per B cell, J Immunol, 165, 680, 10.4049/jimmunol.165.2.680 Podojil, 2004, CD86 and beta2-adrenergic receptor signaling pathways, respectively, increase Oct-2 and OCA-B Expression and binding to the 3′-IgH enhancer in B cells, J Biol Chem, 279, 23394, 10.1074/jbc.M313096200 Kohm, 2002, B cell receptor- and beta 2-adrenergic receptor-induced regulation of B7-2 (CD86) expression in B cells, J Immunol, 168, 6314, 10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6314 Mansfield, 1982, Effect of beta-adrenergic agents on immunoglobulin G levels of asthmatic subjects, Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 68, 13, 10.1159/000233060 Alaniz, 1999, Dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency impairs cellular immunity, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96, 2274, 10.1073/pnas.96.5.2274 Kohm, 1999, Suppression of antigen-specific Th2 cell-dependent IgM and IgG1 production following norepinephrine depletion in vivo, J Immunol, 162, 5299, 10.4049/jimmunol.162.9.5299 Keller, 1983, Stress-induced suppression of immunity in adrenalectomized rats, Science, 221, 1301, 10.1126/science.6612346 Harris, 1995, Effect of prolonged catecholamine infusion on immunoregulatory function: implications in congestive heart failure, J Am Coll Cardiol, 26, 102, 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00123-H Franchimont, 2004, Overview of the actions of glucocorticoids on the immune response: a good model to characterize new pathways of immunosuppression for new treatment strategies, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1024, 124, 10.1196/annals.1321.009 Elenkov, 2004, Glucocorticoids and the Th1/Th2 balance, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1024, 138, 10.1196/annals.1321.010 Shahaf, 2004, Screening of alternative models for transitional B cell maturation, Int Immunol, 16, 1081, 10.1093/intimm/dxh109 Allman, 2004, Alternative routes to maturity: branch points and pathways for generating follicular and marginal zone B cells, Immunol Rev, 197, 147, 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0108.x Merrell, 2006, Identification of anergic B cells within a wild-type repertoire, Immunity, 25, 953, 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.10.017