Spectral analysis of EMG using intramuscular electrodes reveals non-linear fatigability characteristics in persons with chronic low back pain

Aadahl, 2003, Validation of a new self-report instrument for measuring physical activity, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 35, 1196, 10.1249/01.MSS.0000074446.02192.14 Arabadzhiev, 2008, Power spectra characteristics associated with static reflexive activation of the multifidus muscle in feline models, Eur J Appl Physiol, 104, 873, 10.1007/s00421-008-0844-1 Barker, 2004, Changes in the cross-sectional area of multifidus and psoas in patients with unilateral back pain: the relationship to pain and disability, Spine, 29, E515, 10.1097/01.brs.0000144405.11661.eb Beneck, 2012, Multifidus atrophy is localized and bilateral in active persons with chronic unilateral low back pain, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 93, 300, 10.1016/j.apmr.2011.09.017 Bergmark, 1989, Stability of the lumbar spine. A study in mechanical engineering, Acta Orthop Scand Suppl, 230, 1, 10.3109/17453678909154177 Bouisset, 1970, Comparison between surface and intramuscular EMG’s in voluntary movements, Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 29, 533 Candotti, 2008, Electromyography for assessment of pain in low back muscles, Phys Ther, 88, 1061, 10.2522/ptj.20070146 Christensen, 1995, Intramuscular and surface EMG power spectrum from dynamic and static contractions, J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 5, 27, 10.1016/S1050-6411(99)80003-0 Cooper, 1993, Increased central drive during fatiguing contractions of the paraspinal muscles in patients with chronic low back pain, Spine, 18, 610, 10.1097/00007632-199304000-00014 Crossman, 2004, Chronic low back pain-associated paraspinal muscle dysfunction is not the result of a constitutionally determined “adverse” fiber-type composition, Spine, 29, 628, 10.1097/01.BRS.0000115133.97216.EC da Silva, 2005, Back muscle strength and fatigue in healthy and chronic low back pain subjects: a comparative study of 3 assessment protocols, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 86, 722, 10.1016/j.apmr.2004.08.007 Danneels, 2000, CT imaging of trunk muscles in chronic low back pain patients and healthy control subjects, Eur Spine J, 9, 266, 10.1007/s005860000190 Davis, 1998, The reliability of monopolar and bipolar fine-wire electromyographic measurement of muscle fatigue, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 30, 1328, 10.1097/00005768-199808000-00023 De Luca, 1993, Use of the surface EMG signal for performance evaluation of back muscles, Muscle Nerve, 16, 210, 10.1002/mus.880160216 Demoulin, 2006, Spinal muscle evaluation using the Sorensen test: a critical appraisal of the literature, Joint Bone Spine, 73, 43, 10.1016/j.jbspin.2004.08.002 Elfving, 2003, Lumbar muscle fatigue and recovery in patients with long-term low-back trouble – electromyography and health-related factors, Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 18, 619, 10.1016/S0268-0033(03)00095-0 Fairbank, 1980, The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire, Physiotherapy, 66, 271 Farina, 2003, Assessment of low back muscle fatigue by surface EMG signal analysis: methodological aspects, J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 13, 319, 10.1016/S1050-6411(03)00040-3 Fidler, 1975, Myosin ATPase activity in multifidus muscle from cases of lumbar spinal derangement, J Bone Joint Surg Br, 57, 220, 10.1302/0301-620X.57B2.220 Fuglsang-Frederiksen, 1988, The motor unit firing rate and the power spectrum of EMG in humans, Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 70, 68, 10.1016/0013-4694(88)90196-4 Hakkinen, 1986, Effects of fatigue and recovery on electromyographic and isometric force- and relaxation-time characteristics of human skeletal muscle, Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 55, 588, 10.1007/BF00423202 Hides, 1994, Evidence of lumbar multifidus muscle wasting ipsilateral to symptoms in patients with acute/subacute low back pain, Spine, 19, 165, 10.1097/00007632-199401001-00009 Hodges, 2006, Rapid atrophy of the lumbar multifidus follows experimental disc or nerve root injury, Spine, 31, 2926, 10.1097/01.brs.0000248453.51165.0b Humphrey, 2005, The value of electromyography of the lumbar paraspinal muscles in discriminating between chronic-low-back-pain sufferers and normal subjects, Eur Spine J, 14, 175, 10.1007/s00586-004-0792-3 Kalimo, 1989, Lumbar muscles: structure and function, Ann Med, 21, 353, 10.3109/07853898909149220 Kankaanpaa, 1998, Back and hip extensor fatigability in chronic low back pain patients and controls, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 79, 412, 10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90142-3 Klein, 1991, Comparison of spinal mobility and isometric trunk extensor forces with electromyographic spectral analysis in identifying low back pain, Phys Ther, 71, 445, 10.1093/ptj/71.6.445 Komi, 1979, EMG frequency spectrum, muscle structure, and fatigue during dynamic contractions in man, Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 42, 41, 10.1007/BF00421103 Kramer, 2005, Surface electromyography of the paravertebral muscles in patients with chronic low back pain, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 86, 31, 10.1016/j.apmr.2004.01.016 Kupa, 1995, Effects of muscle fiber type and size on EMG median frequency and conduction velocity, J Appl Physiol, 79, 23, 10.1152/jappl.1995.79.1.23 Lariviere, 2003, Surface electromyography assessment of back muscle intrinsic properties, J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 13, 305, 10.1016/S1050-6411(03)00039-7 Mannion, 1994, Electromyographic median frequency changes during isometric contraction of the back extensors to fatigue, Spine, 19, 1223, 10.1097/00007632-199405310-00006 Mattila, 1986, The multifidus muscle in patients with lumbar disc herniation. A histochemical and morphometric analysis of intraoperative biopsies, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 11, 732, 10.1097/00007632-198609000-00013 Mayer, 1989, Lumbar myoelectric spectral analysis for endurance assessment. A comparison of normals with deconditioned patients, Spine, 14, 986, 10.1097/00007632-198909000-00013 Mengiardi, 2006, Fat content of lumbar paraspinal muscles in patients with chronic low back pain and in asymptomatic volunteers: quantification with MR spectroscopy, Radiology, 240, 786, 10.1148/radiol.2403050820 Merletti, 1990, Myoelectric manifestations of fatigue in voluntary and electrically elicited contractions, J Appl Physiol, 69, 1810, 10.1152/jappl.1990.69.5.1810 Moritani, 1986, Intramuscular and surface electromyogram changes during muscle fatigue, J Appl Physiol, 60, 1179, 10.1152/jappl.1986.60.4.1179 Moritani, 1982, Electromyographic manifestations of muscular fatigue, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 14, 198, 10.1249/00005768-198203000-00008 Moseley, 2002, Deep and superficial fibers of the lumbar multifidus muscle are differentially active during voluntary arm movements, Spine, 27, E29, 10.1097/00007632-200201150-00013 Moseley, 2003, External perturbation of the trunk in standing humans differentially activates components of the medial back muscles, J Physiol, 547, 581, 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.024950 Nicolaisen, 1985, Trunk strength, back muscle endurance and low-back trouble, Scand J Rehabil Med, 17, 121, 10.2340/165019778517121127 Nourbakhsh, 2002, Relationship between mechanical factors and incidence of low back pain, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 32, 447, 10.2519/jospt.2002.32.9.447 Oddsson, 2003, Activation imbalances in lumbar spine muscles in the presence of chronic low back pain, J Appl Physiol, 94, 1410, 10.1152/japplphysiol.01183.2001 Onishi, 2000, Relationship between EMG signals and force in human vastus lateralis muscle using multiple bipolar wire electrodes, J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 10, 59, 10.1016/S1050-6411(99)00020-6 Panjabi, 1989, Spinal stability and intersegmental muscle forces. A biomechanical model, Spine, 14, 194, 10.1097/00007632-198902000-00008 Peach, 1998, Classification of low back pain with the use of spectral electromyogram parameters, Spine, 23, 1117, 10.1097/00007632-199805150-00009 Perry, 1981, Surface versus intramuscular electrodes for electromyography of superficial and deep muscles, Phys Ther, 61, 7, 10.1093/ptj/61.1.7 Rantanen, 1993, The lumbar multifidus muscle five years after surgery for a lumbar intervertebral disc herniation, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 18, 568, 10.1097/00007632-199304000-00008 Ropponen, 2005, Isometric back extension endurance testing: reasons for test termination, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 35, 437, 10.2519/jospt.2005.35.7.437 Roy, 1989, Lumbar muscle fatigue and chronic lower back pain, Spine, 14, 992, 10.1097/00007632-198909000-00014 Roy, 1995, Spectral electromyographic assessment of back muscles in patients with low back pain undergoing rehabilitation, Spine, 20, 38, 10.1097/00007632-199501000-00008 Roy, 1997, Classification of back muscle impairment based on the surface electromyographic signal, J Rehabil Res Dev, 34, 405 Roy, 1990, Fatigue, recovery, and low back pain in varsity rowers, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 22, 463, 10.1249/00005768-199008000-00008 Stokes, 2003, Surface EMG electrodes do not accurately record from lumbar multifidus muscles, Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 18, 9, 10.1016/S0268-0033(02)00140-7 Sung, 2009, Different parts of erector spinae muscle fatigability in subjects with and without low back pain, Spine J, 9, 115, 10.1016/j.spinee.2007.11.011 Tesch, 1983, Influence of lactate accumulation of EMG frequency spectrum during repeated concentric contractions, Acta Physiol Scand, 119, 61, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1983.tb07306.x Tsuboi, 1994, Spectral analysis of electromyogram in lumbar muscles: fatigue induced endurance contraction, Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 69, 361, 10.1007/BF00392044 van Dieen, 1993, An investigation into the relevance of the pattern of temporal activation with respect to erector spinae muscle endurance, Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 66, 70, 10.1007/BF00863403 Ward, 2009, Architectural analysis and intraoperative measurements demonstrate the unique design of the multifidus muscle for lumbar spine stability, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 91, 176, 10.2106/JBJS.G.01311 Wilke, 1995, Stability increase of the lumbar spine with different muscle groups. A biomechanical in vitro study, Spine, 20, 192, 10.1097/00007632-199501150-00011 Zhu, 1989, Histochemistry and morphology of erector spinae muscle in lumbar disc herniation, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 14, 391, 10.1097/00007632-198904000-00008