Specific Cardiovascular Drugs Utilized in the Critically Ill

Abel, 1983, Action of glucagon on canine left ventricular performance and coronary hemodynamics, Circ. Shock, 11, 45 Allwood, 1963, Peripheral vascular effects of noradrenaline, isopropylnoradrenaline and dopamine, Br. Med. Bull., 19, 132, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a070031 Almqvist, 1984, Treatment of experimental canine endotoxin shock with ibuprofen, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, Circ. Shock, 13, 227 Amlie, 1978, The effect of nifedipine on the sinus and atrioventricular node of the dog heart after beta-adrenergic receptor blockade, Acta. Pharmacol. Toxicol. (Copenh.), 42, 287, 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1978.tb02203.x Beale, 1977, EEG and blood pressure effects of TRH in rabbits, Neuropharmacology, 16, 499, 10.1016/0028-3908(77)90008-9 Berridge, 1984, Inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol as second messengers, Biochem. J., 220, 345, 10.1042/bj2200345 Berridge, 1984, Inositol triphosphate, a novel second messenger in cellular signal transduction, Nature, 312, 315, 10.1038/312315a0 Bower, 1970, Hemodynamic effects of glucagon following hemorrhagic and endotoxic shock in the dog, Arch. Surg., 101, 411, 10.1001/archsurg.1970.01340270059016 Bronsveld, 1982, Ventricular function, hemodynamics, and oxygen consumption during infusions of blood and glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) in canine endotoxin shock, Circ. Shock, 9, 145 Bronsveld, 1984, Effects of glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) on myocardial blood flow and metabolism in canine endotoxin shock, Circ. Shock, 13, 325 Carli, 1983, Indomethacin suppresses the early cardiodepressant factor released by endotoxin in the rat—possible involvement of a prostacyclin-related material, Adv. Shock Res., 10, 161 Casey, 1982, Prevention of endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension in primates by the use of a selective thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, OKY 1581, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 222, 441 Chaudry, 1974, Depletion and restoration of tissue ATP in hemorrhagic shock, Arch. Surg., 108, 208, 10.1001/archsurg.1974.01350260062014 Chaudry, 1974, Effect of adenosine triphosphate-magnesium chloride administration in shock, Surgery, 75, 220 Chernow, 1983, Local dental anesthesia with epinephrine—minimal effects on the sympathetic nervous system or on hemodynamic variables, Arch. Intern. Med., 143, 2141, 10.1001/archinte.1983.00350110127026 Chernow, 1984, Epinephrine absorption after intratracheal administration, Anesth. Analg., 63, 829, 10.1213/00000539-198409000-00008 Chernow, 1982, Endogenous and exogenous catecholamines in critical care medicine, Crit. Care Med., 10, 409, 10.1097/00003246-198206000-00019 Connor, 1982, Hypocalcemia precipitating congestive heart failure, N. Engl. J. Med., 307, 869, 10.1056/NEJM198209303071407 Curtis, 1980, Protective actions of naloxone in hemorrhagic shock, Am. J. Physiol., 239, H416 Da Luz, 1980, Effect of verapamil on regional coronary and myocardial perfusion during acute coronary occlusion, Am. J. Cardiol., 45, 269, 10.1016/0002-9149(80)90645-1 Dehring, 1983, Indomethacin improvement of septic acute respiratory failure in a porcine model, J. Trauma, 23, 725, 10.1097/00005373-198308000-00008 Deraney, 1971, Glucagon? One answer to cardiogenic shock, Am. J. Med. Sci., 261, 149, 10.1097/00000441-197103000-00004 DiStazio, 1980, Effect of ATP-MgCl2-glucose administration during hemorrhagic shock on cardiac metabolism, function and survival, Adv. Shock Res., 3, 153 Eddy, 1969, Glucagon and haemodynamics of acute myocardial infarction, Br. Med. J., 4, 663, 10.1136/bmj.4.5684.663 Edvinsson, 1984, Neuropeptide Y potentiates the effect of various vasoconstrictor agents on rabbit blood vessels, Br. J. Pharmacol., 83, 519, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1984.tb16516.x Estilo, 1982, Hemodynamic and catecholamine changes after administration of naloxone, Anesth. Analg., 61, 349, 10.1213/00000539-198204000-00007 Faden, 1979, Opiate antagonists—a role in the treatment of hypovolemic shock, Science, 205, 317, 10.1126/science.451606 Faden, 1980, Naloxone treatment of endotoxin shock: Stereospecificity of physiologic and pharmacologic effects in the rat, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 212, 441 Feuerstein, 1980, Reversal by naloxone of hemorrhagic shock in anephric cats, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 65, 93, 10.1016/0014-2999(80)90214-9 Filkins, 1977, Protection against endotoxin shock and impaired glucose homeostasis with ATP, Circ. Shock, 4, 253 Fink, 1984, Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis restores normal hemodynamics in canine hyperdynamic sepsis, Ann. Surg., 200, 619, 10.1097/00000658-198411000-00011 Fleckenstein, 1977, Specific pharmacology of calcium in myocardium, cardiac pacemakers, and vascular smooth muscle, Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 17, 149, 10.1146/annurev.pa.17.040177.001053 Fletcher, 1982, The role of prostaglandins in sepsis, Scand. J. Infect. Dis., 31, 55 Fletcher, 1979, Lidocaine treatment following baboon endotoxin shock improves survival, Adv. Shock Res., 2, 219 Fletcher, 1979, Modulation of prostaglandins E and F by the lung in baboon hemorrhagic shock, J. Surg. Res., 26, 465, 10.1016/0022-4804(79)90035-0 Fletcher, 1980, Indomethacin treatment following baboon endotoxin shock improves survival, Adv. Shock Res., 4, 103 Flynn, 1975, Arterial prostaglandin A1, E1, F2α concentrations during hemorrhagic shock in the dog, Circ. Shock, 2, 155 Flynn, 1975, Clearance of PGF2α during circulatory shock, Life Sci., 17, 1699, 10.1016/0024-3205(75)90116-2 Fulton, 1974, Prevention of endotoxin death with nicotinamide and adenosine triphos-phate, Surg. Forum, 25, 17 Gillespie, 1977, Effects of dobutamine in patients with acute myocardial infarction, Am. J. Cardiol., 39, 588, 10.1016/S0002-9149(77)80170-7 Glick, 1968, Glucagon: Its enhancement of cardiac performance in the cat and dog and persistence of its inotropic action despite beta-receptor blockade with propranolol, Circ. Res., 22, 789, 10.1161/01.RES.22.6.789 Goldberg, 1972, Cardiovascular and renal actions of dopamine: Potential clinical applications, Pharmacol. Rev., 24, 1 Goldberg, 1974, Dopamine—clinical uses of an endogenous catecholamine, N. Engl. J. Med., 291, 707, 10.1056/NEJM197410032911405 Goldberg, 1977, Newer catecholamines for treatment of heart failure and shock: An update on dopamine and a first look at dobutamine, Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis., 19, 327, 10.1016/0033-0620(77)90007-X Goldberg, 1978, A comparison of the vascular dopamine receptor with other dopamine receptors, Ann. Rev. Pharmacol, toxicol., 18, 57, 10.1146/annurev.pa.18.040178.000421 Goto, 1980, The effect of idomethacin and adrenergic receptor blocking agents on rats and canine responses to endotoxin, Circ. Shock, 7, 413 Gould, 1984, Tissue heterogeneity of calcium channel antagonists binding sites labeled by (3H)-nitrendipine, Mol. Pharmacol., 25, 235 Guillen, 1972, Improved cardiovascular effects of glucagon in dogs with endotoxin shock, Ann. Surg., 175, 535, 10.1097/00000658-197204000-00012 Gurll, N. J. : Naloxone in endotoxic shock: Experimental models and clinical perspective. Adv. Shock Res., in press. Gurll, 1982, Improved cardiovascular function and survival using thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in primate hemorrhagic shock, Physiologist, 25, 342 Hall, 1984, Glucagon: Hormone or therapeutic agent, Grit. Care Med., 12, 584, 10.1097/00003246-198407000-00008 Haeusler, 1972, Differential effect of verapamil on excitation-contraction coupling in smooth muscle and on excitation-secretion coupling in adrenergic nerve terminals, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 180, 672 Halushka, 1981, Protective effects of aspirin in endotoxic shock, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 218, 464 Hashimoto, 1972, Cardiohemodynamic effects of BAY a 1040 in the dog, Arzneimittel-forsch., 22, 15 Hashimoto, K., Taira, N., Ono, H., et al.: Nifedipine, basis of its pharmacologic effect. Heng, 1975, Effects of intravenous verapamil on cardiac arrhythmias and on the electrocardiogram, Am. Heart J., 90, 487, 10.1016/0002-8703(75)90431-7 Henry, 1979, Effect of nifedipine on myocardial ischemia: Analysis of collateral flow, pulsatile heat and regional muscle shortening, Am. J. Cardiol., 44, 817, 10.1016/0002-9149(79)90203-0 Herbert, 1980, Inotropic drugs in acute circulatory failure, Intensive Care Med., 6, 101, 10.1007/BF01683355 Hesch, 1981, Treatment of dopamine-dependent shock with triiodothyronine, Endocr. Res. Commun., 8, 229, 10.3109/07435808109045741 Hilberman, 1982, Renal protection, III Hirasawa, 1978, Beneficial effect of ATP-MgCl2-glucose administration on survival following sepsis, Surg. Forum, 29, 11 Hirasawa, 1978, Improved hepatic function and survival with adenosine triphosphate-inagnesinm chloride after hepatic ischemia, Surgery, 33, 655 Hirasawa, 1983, Improved survival and reticuloendothelial function with intravenous ATP-MgCl2 following hemorrhagic shock, Circ. Shock, 11, 141 Hirasawa, 1979, Improvedsurvival. RES function and ICG test with ATP-MgCl2 following hepatic ischemia, Surg. Forum, 30, 158 Hock, 1984, Beneficial effect of a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor in traumatic shock, Circ. Shock, 14, 159 Holaday, 1983, Cardiovascular effects of endogenous opiate systems, Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 23, 541, 10.1146/annurev.pa.23.040183.002545 Holaday, 1981, Thyrotropin releasing hormone improves cardiovascular function in experimental endotoxic and hemorrhagic shock, Science, 213, 216, 10.1126/science.6787704 Holaday, 1978, Naloxone reversal of endotoxin hypotension suggests role of endorphins in shock, Nature, 275, 450, 10.1038/275450a0 Holaday, 1981, Naloxone and thyrotropin releasing hormone have additive effects in reversing endotoxic shock Holaday, 1983, Thyrotropin releasing hormone—autonomic effects upon cardiorespiratory function in endotoxic shock, Regul. Pept, 7, 111, 10.1016/0167-0115(83)90303-8 Holaday, 1981, Thyrotropin releasing hormone improves blood pressure and survival in endotoxic shock, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 74, 101, 10.1016/0014-2999(81)90329-0 Holaday, 1978, Thyrotropin releasing hormone antagonizes beta endorphin hypothermia and catalepsy, Life Sci., 22, 1537, 10.1016/0024-3205(78)90009-7 Holloway, 1975, Action of drugs in patients early after cardiac surgery, Am. J. Cardiol., 35, 656, 10.1016/0002-9149(75)90052-1 Horita, 1977, Centrally administered TRH produces a vasopressor response in rabbits, Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc, 20, 303 Howland, 1977, The cardiovascular effects of low levels of ionized calcium during massive transfusion, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 145, 581 Ishikawa, 1978, Effects of diltiazem hydrochloride (CRD-401) on hepatic, superior mesenteric and femoral hemodynamics, Arzneimittelforsch., 28, 400 Ishikawa, 1978, Effects of diltiazem hydrochloride (CRD-401) on renal hemodynamics of dogs, Arzneimittel-forsch., 28, 402 Iimura, 1978, Studies on experimental coronary insufficiency, Recent Adv. Stud. Cardiac. Struct. Metab., 12, 537 Jackson, 1982, Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, N. Engl. J. Med., 306, 145, 10.1056/NEJM198201213060305 Jacobs, 1982, Ibuprofen in canine endotoxin shock, J. Clin. Invest., 70, 536, 10.1172/JCI110645 Jain, 1978, Glucagon treatment of hemorrhagic shock, Adv. Shock. Res., 1, 149 Jakshick, 1974, Profile of circulating vasoactive substances in hemorrhagic shock and their pharmacologic manipulation, J. Clin. Invest., 54, 842, 10.1172/JCI107824 Jardin, 1979, Effect of dopamine on intrapulmonary shunt fraction and oxygen transport in severe sepsis with circulatory and respiratory failure, Crit. Care Med., 7, 273, 10.1097/00003246-197906000-00004 Jardin, 1981, Dobutamine: A hemodynamic evaluation in septic shock, CRIT. CARE MED., 9, 329, 10.1097/00003246-198104000-00010 Jewitt, 1974, Clinical cardiovascular pharmacology of dobutamine. A selective inotropic catecholamine, Lancet, 2, 363, 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91754-1 Kaltenbach, 1979, Effects of nifedipine after intravenous and intracoronary administration, Am. J. Cardiol., 44, 832, 10.1016/0002-9149(79)90205-4 Klein, 1968, Cardiovascular effects of glucagon in man, Can. Med. Assoc. J., 98, 1161 Koc, 1980, Effect of ATP-MgCl2 on plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon levels in rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock, Surg. Forum, 31, 8 Kraven, 1979, Improved survival and metabolic changes in the rat shock model produced by ATP-MgCl2, Curr. Surg., 36, 435 Leier, 1978, Comparative systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of dopamine and dobutamine in patients with cardiomyopathic heart failure, Circulation, 58, 466, 10.1161/01.CIR.58.3.466 Leier, 1977, The cardiovascular effects of the continuous infusion of dobutamine in patients with severe cardiac failure, Circulation, 56, 468, 10.1161/01.CIR.56.3.468 Lekven, 1974, Cardiac effects of isoproterenol during graded myocardial ischemia, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 33, 161, 10.3109/00365517409082484 Lewis, 1984, The biologically active leukotrienes, J. Clin. Invest., 73, 889, 10.1172/JCI111312 Loeb, 1977, Superiority of dobutamine over dopamine for augmentation of cardiac output in patients with chronic low output cardiac failure, Circulation, 55, 375, 10.1161/01.CIR.55.2.375 Loeb, 1974, Electrophysiologic properties of dobutamine, Circ. Shock, 1, 217 Loubatieres, 1976, Pharmacological agents and acute experimental hyperlactaemia in the dog, Br. J. Pharmacol., 58, 429P Loubatieres, 1978, Dichloroacetate de sodium: son application a la thérapeutique des hyperlactatémies expérimentales, Diabete Metab., 4, 5 Lvoff, 1972, Glucagon in heart failure and in cardiogenic shock, Circulation, 45, 534, 10.1161/01.CIR.45.3.534 Lucchese, 1968, Cardiac actions of glucagon, Circ. Res., 222, 777, 10.1161/01.RES.22.6.777 Marino, 1975, Selective venoconstriction by dopamine in comparison with isoproterenol and phenylephrine, Anesthesiology, 45, 570, 10.1097/00000542-197511000-00016 Mark, 1970, Responses of saphenous and mesenteric veins to administration of dopamine, J. Clin. Invest., 49, 259, 10.1172/JCI106235 Merrill, 1980, Effect of dichloroacetate on plasma lactic acid in exercising dogs, J. Appl. Physiol., 48, 427, 10.1152/jappl.1980.48.3.427 Meyer, 1980, Treatment of dopamine-dependent shock with triiodothyronine—a preliminary report, Proceedings-VIII International Thyroid Congress, 62, 469 Mjos, 1976, Effects of dichloroacetate on myocardial substrate extraction, epicardial ST-segment elevation, and ventricular blood flow following coronary occlusion in dogs, Cardiovasc. Res., 10, 427, 10.1093/cvr/10.4.427 Mueller, 1970, Hemodynamics, coronary blood flow and myocardial metabolism in coronary shock: Response to 1-norepinephrine and isoproterenol, J. Clin. Invest., 49, 1885, 10.1172/JCI106408 Nabata, 1977, Effects of calcium-antagonistic coronary vasodilators on myocardial contrac-tility and membrane potentials, Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 27, 239, 10.1254/jjp.27.239 Nakamura, 1979, Effects of diltiazem, a new antianginal drug on myocardial blood flow following experimental coronary occlusion Nayler, 1970, The effect of glucagon on calcium exchangeability, coronary blood flow, myocardial function and high energy phosphate stores, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 171, 265 Ohkawa, 1983, Studies on the mechanism of beneficial effects of ATP-MgCl2 following hepatic ischemia, Am. J. Physiol., 244, R695 Ono, 1979, Ca+2 antagonism in various parameters of cardiac function including coronary dilatation with the use of nifedipine, perhexiline, and verapamil Park, 1982, Treatment of lactic acidosis with dichloroacetate in dogs, J. Clin. Invest., 70, 853, 10.1172/JCI110682 Parmley, 1968, Cardiovascular effects of glucagon in man, N. Engl. J. Med., 279, 12, 10.1056/NEJM196807042790103 Pitt, 1969, Coronary hemodynamic effects of calcium in the unanesthetized dog, Am. J. Physiol., 216, 1456, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1969.216.6.1456 Raflo, 1973, Mechanism of the protective effects of prostaglandin E1 and F2α in canine endotoxin shock, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 24, 86, 10.1016/0014-2999(73)90117-9 Reynolds, 1980, Blockade of opiate receptors with naloxone improves survival and cardiac performance in canine endotoxic shock, Circ. Shock, 7, 39 Robie, 1975, Comparative systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of dopamine and dobutamine, Am. Heart J., 90, 340, 10.1016/0002-8703(75)90323-3 Ross, 1967, Cardiovascular actions of iproveratril, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 158, 504 Schadt, 1981, The reversal of hemorrhagic hypotension by naloxone in conscious rabbits, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 59, 1208, 10.1139/y81-189 Schimier, 1975, Investigations on tachyphylaxis and collateral formation after nifedipine whilst taking into consideration the direction of flow and the mortality rate due to infarction Schneider, 1981, Dichloroacetate: Effects on exercise endurance in untrained rats, Metabolism, 30, 590, 10.1016/0026-0495(81)90137-2 Short, 1981, Indomethacin improves survival in gram-negative sepsis, Adv. Shock Res., 6, 27 Silverberg, 1978, Norepinephrine: Hormone and neurotransmitter in man, Am. J. Physiol., 234, E252 Snapper, 1983, Effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on the alterations in lung mechanics caused by endotoxemia in the unanes-thetized sheep, J. Clin. Invest., 72, 63, 10.1172/JCI110985 Salomon, 1982, Comparison of dopamine and dobutamine following coronary artery bypass grafting, Ann. Thorac. Surg., 33, 48, 10.1016/S0003-4975(10)63198-0 Sonnenblick, 1979, Dobutamine. A new synthetic cardioactive sympathetic amine, N. Engl. J. Med., 300, 17, 10.1056/NEJM197901043000105 Soulsby, 1984, Protection of myocardial function during endotoxin shock by ibuprofen, Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Med., 13, 295, 10.1016/0262-1746(84)90043-X Stacpoole, 1983, Treatment of lactic acidosis with dichloroacetate, N. Engl. J. Med., 309, 390, 10.1056/NEJM198308183090702 Stacpoole, 1978, Metabolic effects of dichloroacetate in patients with diabetes mellitus and hyperlipoproteinemia, N. Engl. J. Med., 298, 526, 10.1056/NEJM197803092981002 Standi, 1977, The effect of a combined therapy with buformin and dichloroacetate on blood lactate concentrations in diabetics, Klin. Wochenschr., 55, 969, 10.1007/BF01479229 Stanley, 1976, Peripheral vascular versus direct cardiac effects of calcium, Anesthesiology, 45, 46, 10.1097/00000542-197607000-00009 Stone, 1980, Calcium channel blocking agents in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. Part II: Hemodynamic effects and clinical applications, Ann. Int. Med., 93, 886, 10.7326/0003-4819-93-6-886 Sutherland, 1968, Some aspects of biological role of adenosine 3’,5’-monophosphate (cyclic AMP), Circulation, 35, 279, 10.1161/01.CIR.37.2.279 Tarazi, 1974, Sympathomimetic agents in the treatment of shock, Ann. Intern. Med., 81, 364, 10.7326/0003-4819-81-3-364 Taylor, 1979, Possible role of cytosolic calcium and Na-Ca exchange in regulation of transepithelial sodium transport, Am. J. Physiol., 236, F505 Thijs, 1983, Effects of naloxone on hemodynamics, oxygen transport and metabolic variables in canine endotoxic shock, Circ. Shock, 10, 147 Toth, 1984, The effects of vasoactive mediator antagonists on endotoxic shock in dogs I, Circ. Shock, 12, 277 Tuttle, 1975, Dobutamine: Development of a new catecholamine to selectively increase cardiac contractility, Circ. Res., 36, 185, 10.1161/01.RES.36.1.185 Van Ackern, 1974, Development of coronary collaterals following oral long term therapy with nifedipine: Increased survival rate after experimental coronary occlusion, Arzneimittelforsch., 24, 1577 Vandenbrand, 1975, Changes in left and right ventricular haemodynamics in angina pectoris patients following Adalat administration Vargish, 1980, Naloxone reversal of hypovolemic shock in dogs, Circ. Shock, 7, 31 Vater, W., and Schlossman, K. : Effects of nifedipine on the haemodynamics and oxygen consumption of the heart in animal experiments. Vatner, 1974, Effects of dopamine on left ventricular performance, coronary dynamics and distribution of cardiac output In conscious dogs, J. Clin. Invest., 53, 1265, 10.1172/JCI107673 Weiner, 1980, Norepinephrine, epinephrine and sympathomimetics Whitfield, 1980, Dopaminergic control of plasma catecholamine and aldosterone responses to acute stimuli in normal man, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 51, 724, 10.1210/jcem-51-4-724 Wise, 1980, Ibuprofen improves survival from endotoxic shock in the rat, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 215, 160 Young, 1984, Effects of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in neonatal endotoxemia, Circ. Shock, 13, 161 Zaki, 1978, Protective effect of adenosine triphosphate administration in burns, Arch. Surg., 113, 605, 10.1001/archsurg.1978.01370170067013 Zaloga, 1983, Calcium, magnesium and other minerals Zaloga, 1984, Diagnostic dosages of protirelin (TRH) elevate BP by non-catecholamine mechanisms, Arch. Intern. Med., 144, 1149, 10.1001/archinte.1984.00350180061009 Zaritsky, 1984, Use of catecholamines in pediatrics, J. Pediatr., 105, 341, 10.1016/S0022-3476(84)80003-7 Zipes, 1974, Effects of agents which inhibit the slow channel on sinus node automaticity and atrioventricular conduction In the dog, Circ. Res., 34, 184, 10.1161/01.RES.34.2.184