Special problems of the female athlete

Baillière's Clinical Rheumatology - Tập 8 - Trang 199-219 - 1994
N.W. Constantini, M.P. Warren

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abraham, 1982, Body weight, exercise and menstrual status among ballet dancers in training, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 89, 507, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1982.tb03649.x Akella, 1991, Scoliosis in ballet dancers, Medical Problems of Performing Artists, September, 84 American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Sports Medicine, 1989, Amenorrhea in adolescent athletes, Pediatrics, 84, 394 American College of Sports Medicine, 1991 American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ACOG), 1985 Anderson, 1980, Women's sports and fitness programs at the U.S. Military Academy, The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 7, 72, 10.1080/00913847.1979.11710840 Artal, 1992, Exercise and pregnancy, Clinics in Sports Medicine, 11, 363, 10.1016/S0278-5919(20)30537-8 Baker, 1981, Female runners and secondary amenorrhea: Correlation with age, parity, mileage, and plasma hormonal and sex-hormone-binding globulin concentrations, Fertility and Sterility, 36, 183, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)45676-1 Barr, 1991, Relationship of eating attitudes to anthropometric variables and dietary intakes of female collegiate swimmers, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 91, 976 Barrow, 1988, Menstrual irregularity and stress fractures in collegiate female distance runners, Journal of American Sports Medicine, 16, 209, 10.1177/036354658801600302 Bergfeld, 1987, Women in athletics: Five management problems, Patient Care, February, 60 Bonen, 1981, Profiles of selected hormones during menstrual cycles of teenage athletes, Journal of Applied Physiology, 50, 545, 10.1152/jappl.1981.50.3.545 Borgen, 1987, Eating disorders among female athletes, The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 15, 89, 10.1080/00913847.1987.11709282 Brooks, 1984, Diet in athletic amenorrhea, Lancet, i, 559, 10.1016/S0140-6736(84)90948-6 Brooks-Gunn, 1988, Mother-daughter differences in menarcheal age in adolescent girls attending national dance company schools and non-dancers, Annals of Human Biology, 15, 35, 10.1080/03014468800009441 Brooks-Gunn, 1987, The relationship of eating disorders to amenorrhoea in ballet dancers, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19, 41, 10.1249/00005768-198702000-00009 Brooks-Gunn, 1988, Attitudes toward eating and body weight in different groups of female adolescent athletes, International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7, 749, 10.1002/1098-108X(198811)7:6<749::AID-EAT2260070604>3.0.CO;2-M Buchanan, 1988, Early vertebral trabecular bone loss in normal premenopausal women, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 3, 583, 10.1002/jbmr.5650030515 Bullen, 1984, Endurance training effects on plasma hormonal responsiveness and sex hormone excretion, Journal of Applied Physiology, 56, 1453, 10.1152/jappl.1984.56.6.1453 Bullen, 1985, Induction of menstrual disorders by strenuous exercise in untrained women, New England Journal of Medicine, 312, 1349, 10.1056/NEJM198505233122103 Bunt, 1990, Metabolic actions of estradiol: significance for acute and chronic exercise responses, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22, 286, 10.1249/00005768-199006000-00003 Cann, 1984, Decreased spinal mineral content in amenorrheic women, Journal of the American Medical Association, 251, 626, 10.1001/jama.1984.03340290040017 Claessens, 1992, Growth and menarcheal status of elite female gymnasts, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, 755, 10.1249/00005768-199207000-00004 Clapp, 1992, Exercise in pregnancy, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, S294, 10.1249/00005768-199206001-00012 Constantini NW, Persitz E & Warren MP (in press) Athletic amenorrhea in swimmers: a different mechanism. Medicine and Science in Sport and Medicine (supplement) (abstract). Cumming, 1985, Defects in pulsatile LH release in normally menstruating runners, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 60, 810, 10.1210/jcem-60-4-810 Dale, 1979, Menstrual dysfunction in distance runners, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 54, 47, 10.1097/00006250-197907000-00013 Dalsky, 1990, Effect of exercise on bone: permissive influence of estrogen and calcium, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22, 281, 10.1249/00005768-199006000-00002 Dhuper, 1990, Effects of hormonal status on bone density in adolescent girls, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 71, 1083, 10.1210/jcem-71-5-1083 Douglas, 1992, Exercise and atherosclerotic heart disease in women, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, 266, 10.1249/00005768-199206001-00009 Drinkwater, 1992, Amenorrhoea, body weight and osteoporosis, 235 Drinkwater, 1984, Bone mineral content of amenorrheic and eumenorrheic athletes, New England Journal of Medicine, 311, 277, 10.1056/NEJM198408023110501 Drinkwater, 1986, Bone mineral density after resumption of menses in amenorrheic atheletes, Journal of the American Medical Association, 256, 380, 10.1001/jama.1986.03380030082032 Drinkwater, 1990, Menstrual history as a determinant of current bone density in young athletes, Journal of the American Medical Association, 263, 545, 10.1001/jama.1990.03440040084033 Emans, 1990, Estrogoen deficiency in adolescents and young adults: impact on bone mineral content and effects of estrogen replacement therapy, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 76, 585 Feicht, 1978, Secondary amenorrhea in athletes, Lancet, ii, 1145, 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92294-8 Frisch, 1974, Menstrual cycles: fatness as a determinant of minimum weight for height necessary for their maintenance or onset, Science, 185, 949, 10.1126/science.185.4155.949 Frisch, 1980, Delayed menarche and amenorrhea in ballet dancers, New England Journal of Medicine, 303, 17, 10.1056/NEJM198007033030105 Frisch, 1981, Delayed menarche and amenorrhea of college athletes in relation to age of onset of training, Journal of the American Medical Association, 246, 1559, 10.1001/jama.1981.03320140047029 Frusztajer, 1990, Nutrition and the incidence of stress fractures in ballet dancers, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 51, 779, 10.1093/ajcn/51.5.779 Galle, 1983, Physiologic and psychologic profiles in a survey of women runners, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39, 633 Glass, 1987, Amenorrhea in Olympic marathon runners, Fertility and Sterility, 48, 740, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59522-3 Heaney, 1987, The role of calcium in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 15, 83, 10.1080/00913847.1987.11704796 Highet, 1989, Athletic amenorrhea: An update on aetiology, complications and management, Sports Medicine, 7, 82, 10.2165/00007256-198907020-00002 Jacobson, 1984, Bone density in women: College athletes and older athletic women, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 2, 328, 10.1002/jor.1100020404 Jones, 1985, Comparison of bone density in amenorrheic women due to athletics, weight loss and premature menopause, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 66, 5 Keizer, 1990, Physical exercise and menstrual cycle alterations: What are the mechanisms?, Sports Medicine, 10, 218, 10.2165/00007256-199010040-00002 Lamon-Fava, 1989, Effect of exercise and menstrual cycle status on plasma lipids, low density lipoprotein particle size, and apolipoproteins, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 68, 17, 10.1210/jcem-68-1-17 Lessin, 1985, Menstrual dysfunction in athletic women, Harefuah (Heb), 108, 193 Lindberg, 1984, Exercise-induced amenorrhea and bone density, Annals of Internal Medicine, 101, 647, 10.7326/0003-4819-101-5-647 Lindberg, 1987, Increased vertebral bone mineral in response to reduced exercise in amenorrheic runners, Western Journal of Medicine, 146, 39 Linnell, 1984, Bone mineral content and menstrual regularity in female runners, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 16, 343, 10.1249/00005768-198408000-00004 Lloyd, 1987, The relationship of diet, athletic activity, menstrual status and bone density among collegiate women, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 46, 681, 10.1093/ajcn/46.4.681 Loucks, 1985, Athletic amenorrhea: a review, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17, 56, 10.1249/00005768-198502000-00010 Loucks, 1989, Alterations in the hypothalamic pituitary-ovarian and the hypoithalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes in athletic women, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 68, 402, 10.1210/jcem-68-2-402 Loucks, 1992, The reproductive system and exercise in women, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, 288, 10.1249/00005768-199206001-00011 Malina, 1978, Physical growth and maturity characteristics of young athletes, 79 Malina, 1983, Menarche in athletes: a synthesis and hypothesis, Annals of Human Biology, 10, 1, 10.1080/03014468300006141 Malina, 1978, Age at menarche and selected menstrual characteristics in athletes at different competitive levels and in different sports, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 10, 218 Malina, 1979, Age at menarche, family size, and birth order in athletes at the Montreal Olympic Games, 1976, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 11, 354, 10.1249/00005768-197901140-00009 Malina, 1982, Fatness and fat patterning among athletes at the Montreal Onlympic Games, 1976, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 14, 445, 10.1249/00005768-198206000-00007 Marcus, 1985, Menstrual function and bone mass in elite women distance runners, Annals of Internal Medicine, 102, 158, 10.7326/0003-4819-102-2-158 Märker, 1979, Zur Menarche von Sportlerinnen nach mehrjahrigem in Training in Kindesalter, Medizin und Sport, 19, 329 Michel, 1992, Impact of running of lumbar bone density: A 5-year longitudinal study, Journal of Rheumatology, 19, 1759 Myburgh, 1990, Low bone density is an etiologic factor for stress fractures in athletes, Annals of Internal Medicine, 113, 754, 10.7326/0003-4819-113-10-754 Myerson, 1991, Resting metabolic rate and energy balance in amenorrheic and eumenorrheic runners, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 23, 15, 10.1249/00005768-199101000-00004 Myerson, 1992, Total body bone density in amenorrheic runners, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 79, 973 Neinstein, 1985, Menstrual dysfunction in pathophysiologic states (Clinical review), Western Journal of Medicine, 143, 476 Peltenburg, 1984, Biological maturation, body composition, and growth of female gymnasts and control groups of schoolgirls and girl swimmers, aged 8 to 14 years: a cross-sectional survey of 1064 girls, International Journal of Sports Medicine, 5, 36, 10.1055/s-2008-1025878 Pettersson, 1973, Epidemiology of secondary amenorrhea: Incidence and prevalence rates, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 7, 80, 10.1016/0002-9378(73)90732-1 Prince, 1991, Prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis, New England Journal of Medicine, 325, 1189, 10.1056/NEJM199110243251701 Prior, 1985, Gonadal steroids in athletic women: Contraception, complications and performance, Sports Medicine, 2, 287, 10.2165/00007256-198502040-00006 Prior, 1982, Reversible luteal phase changes and infertility associated with marathon training, Lancet, ii, 269, 10.1016/S0140-6736(82)90348-8 Prior, 1990, Spinal bone loss and ovulatory disturbances, New England Journal of Medicine, 323, 1221, 10.1056/NEJM199011013231801 Revelli, 1992, Exercise and pregnancy: a review of maternal and fetal effects, Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 47, 355, 10.1097/00006254-199206000-00001 Riggs, 1992, The prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, New England Journal of Medicine, 327, 620, 10.1056/NEJM199208273270908 Rosen, 1986, Pathogenic weight-control behavior in female athletes, The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 14, 79, 10.1080/00913847.1986.11708966 Sanborn, 1982, Is athletic amenorrhea specific to runners?, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 143, 859, 10.1016/0002-9378(82)90463-X Sanborn, 1987, Athletic amenorrhea: Lack of association with body fat, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19, 207, 10.1249/00005768-198706000-00004 Schwartz, 1981, Exercise-associated amenorrhea: a distinct entity?, American Journal Obstetrics and Gynecology, 141, 662, 10.1016/S0002-9378(15)33308-1 Schweiger, 1991, Menstrual function and luteal-phase deficiency in relation to weight changes and dieting, Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 34, 191, 10.1097/00003081-199103000-00021 Schweiger, 1988, Caloric intake, stress, and menstrual function in athletes, Feriility and Sterility, 49, 447, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59771-4 Shangold, 1985, Causes, evaluation and management of athletic oligo/amenorrhea, Medical Clinics of North America, 69, 83, 10.1016/S0025-7125(16)31058-6 Shangold, 1982, The effect of marathon training upon menstrual function, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 143, 862, 10.1016/0002-9378(82)90464-1 Shangold, 1979, The relationship between long-distance running, plasma progesterone, and luteal phase length, Fertility and Sterility, 31, 130, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)43811-2 Shangold, 1990, Evaluation and management of menstrual dysfunction in athletes, Journal of the American Medical Association, 263, 1665, 10.1001/jama.1990.03440120087043 Singh, 1981, Menstrual disorders in college students, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1210, 299, 10.1016/0002-9378(81)90277-5 Snyder, 1986, Bone mineral content of elite lightweight amenorrheic oarswomen, Human Biology, 58, 863 Speroff, 1980, Exercise and menstrual function, The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 8, 42, 10.1080/00913847.1980.11948598 Stager, 1988, Menarche in athletes: The influence of genetics and prepubertal training, Medicine and Sciences in Sports and Exercise, 20, 369, 10.1249/00005768-198808000-00007 Stager, 1984, delayed menarche in swimmers in relation to age at onset of training and athletic performance, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 16, 550, 10.1249/00005768-198412000-00005 De Souza, 1991, Reproductive dysfunction in amenorrheic athletes and anorexic patients: A review, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 23, 995, 10.1249/00005768-199109000-00002 Tanner, 1962 Theintz, 1992, Longitudinal monitoring of bone mass accumulation in healthy adolescents: evidence for a marked reduction after 16 years of age at the levels of lumbar spine and femoral neck in female subjects, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 75, 1060, 10.1210/jc.75.4.1060 Veldhuis, 1985, Altered neuroendocrine regulation of gonadotropin secretion in women distance runners, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 61, 557, 10.1210/jcem-61-3-557 Vollman, 1977 Warren, 1980, The effects of exercise on pubertal progression and reproductive function in girls, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 51, 1150, 10.1210/jcem-51-5-1150 Warren, 1983, The effects of undernutrition on reproductive function in the human, Endocrine Reviews, 4, 363, 10.1210/edrv-4-4-363 Warren, 1991, Exercise in women: effects on reproductive system and pregnancy, Clinics in Sports Medicine, 10, 131, 10.1016/S0278-5919(20)30662-1 Warren, 1992, Eating, body weight and menstrual function, 222 Warren, 1989, Delayed menarche in athletes: the role of low energy intake and eating disorders and their relation to bone density, 41 Warren, 1986, Scoliosis and fractures in young ballet dancers: relation to delayed menarche and secondary amenorrhea, New England Journal of Medicine, 314, 1348, 10.1056/NEJM198605223142104 Warren, 1991, Lack of bone accretion and amenorrhea: evidence for a relative osteopenia in weight bearing bones, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 72, 847, 10.1210/jcem-72-4-847 Wilmore, 1992, Is there energy conservation in amenorrheic compared with eumenorrheic distance runners?, Journal of Applied Physiology, 72, 15, 10.1152/jappl.1992.72.1.15 Yates, 1983, Running an analogue of anorexia?, New England Journal of Medicine, 308, 251, 10.1056/NEJM198302033080504 Zacharias, 1976, A prospective study of sexual development and growth in American girls: the statistics of menarche, Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 31, 325, 10.1097/00006254-197604000-00026