Speaking in noise: How does the Lombard effect improve acoustic contrasts between speech and ambient noise?

Amazi, 1982, The Lombard sign as a function of age and task, J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res., 25, 581, 10.1044/jshr.2504.581

Arons, 1992, A review of the cocktail party effect, J. Amer. Voice I/O Soc., 12, 35

Assmann, 1990, Modeling the perception of concurrent vowels: vowels with different fundamental frequencies, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 88, 680, 10.1121/1.399772

Bele, 2006, The Speaker's formant, J. Voice, 20, 555, 10.1016/j.jvoice.2005.07.001

Boike, 2000, Effect of compression ratio on speech recognition and speech-quality ratings with wide dynamic range compression amplification, J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res., 43, 456, 10.1044/jslhr.4302.456

Boril, 2005, Design and collection of Czech Lombard database, 1577

Bradlow, 1996, Intelligibility of normal speech I: global and fine-grained acoustic-phonetic talker characteristics, Sp. Commun., 20, 255, 10.1016/S0167-6393(96)00063-5

Brown, 1983

Brungart, 2001, Informational and energetic masking effects in the perception of two simultaneous talkers, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 109, 1101, 10.1121/1.1345696

Castellanos, 1996, An analysis of general acoustic-phonetic features for Spanish speech produced with the Lombard effect, Sp. Commun., 20, 23, 10.1016/S0167-6393(96)00042-8

Culling, 1993, Perceptual separation of simultaneous vowels: within and across-formant grouping by F0, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 93, 3454, 10.1121/1.405675

Darwin, 1981, Perceptual grouping of speech components differing in fundamental frequency and onset-time, Q. J. Exp. Psychol., 1981, 185, 10.1080/14640748108400785

Darwin, 2003, Effects of fundamental frequency and vocal-tract length changes on attention to one of two simultaneous talkers, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 114, 2913, 10.1121/1.1616924

Dreher, 1957, Effects of ambient noise on speaker intelligibility for words and phrases, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 29, 1320, 10.1121/1.1908780

Egan, 1972, Psychoacoustics of the Lombard voice response, J. Aud. Res., 12, 318

French, 1947, Factors governing the intelligibility of speech sounds, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 19, 90, 10.1121/1.1916407

Garnier, 2008, May speech modifications in noise contribute to enhance audio-visible cues to segment perception?, 95

Garnier, 2006, The Lombard effect: a physiological reflex or a controlled intelligibility enhancement?, 255-262

Garnier, 2010, Influence of sound immersion and communicative interaction on the Lombard effect, J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res., 53, 588, 10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0138)

Hornsby, 2001, The effects of compression ratio, signal-to-noise ratio, and level on speech recognition in normal-hearing listeners, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 109, 2964, 10.1121/1.1369105

Horwitz, 2008, Factors affecting the benefits of high-frequency amplification, J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res., 51, 798, 10.1044/1092-4388(2008/057)

Ishizuka, 2002, Effect of F0 fluctuation and amplitude modulation of natural vowels on vowel identification in noisy environments, 1633-1636

Jesteadt, 1977, Intensity discrimination as a function of frequency and sensation level, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 61, 169, 10.1121/1.381278

Junqua, 1993, The Lombard reflex and it role on human listener and automatic speech recognizers, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 93, 510, 10.1121/1.405631

Jung, 2012, On the Lombard effect induced by vehicle interior driving noises, regarding sound pressure level and long-term average speech spectrum, Acta Acust. United Acust., 98, 334, 10.3813/AAA.918517

Junqua, 1998, Influence of the speaking style and the noise spectral tilt on the lombard reflex and automatic speech recognition

Kadiri, 1998

Krause, 2004, Acoustic properties of naturally produced clear speech at normal speaking rates, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 115, 362, 10.1121/1.1635842

Laures, 1999, The effects of a flattened fundamental frequency on intelligibility at the sentence level, J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res., 42, 1148, 10.1044/jslhr.4205.1148

Lienard, 1999, Effect of vocal effort on spectral properties of vowels, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 106, 411, 10.1121/1.428140

Lu, 2008, Speech production modifications produced by competing talkers, babble, and stationary noise, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 124, 3261, 10.1121/1.2990705

Lu, 2009, The contribution of changes in F0 and spectral tilt to increased intelligibility of speech produced in noise, Sp. Commun., 51, 1253, 10.1016/j.specom.2009.07.002

Lu, 2009, Speech production modifications produced in the presence of low-pass and high-pass filtered noise, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 126, 1495, 10.1121/1.3179668

Marin, 1991, Segregation of concurrent sounds II: effects of spectral envelope tracing, frequency modulation coherence, and frequency modulation width, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 89, 341, 10.1121/1.400469

Mokbel, 1992

Picheny, 1986, Speaking clearly for the hard of hearing II: acoustic characteristics of clear and conversational speech, J. Speech Hear. Res., 29, 434, 10.1044/jshr.2904.434

Pick, 1989, Inhibiting the Lombard effect, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 85, 894, 10.1121/1.397561

Pittman, 2001, Recognition of speech produced in noise, J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res., 44, 487, 10.1044/1092-4388(2001/038)

Rostolland, 1982, Phonetic structure of shouted voice, Acta Acust., 51, 80

Schulman, 1989, Articulatory dynamics of loud and normal speech, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 85, 295, 10.1121/1.397737

Skowronski, 2006, Applied principles of clear and Lombard speech for automated intelligibility enhancement in noisy environments, Sp. Commun., 48, 549, 10.1016/j.specom.2005.09.003

Stanton, 1988, Acoustics-phonetic analysis of loud and Lombard speech in simulated cockpit conditions, 331

Sundberg, 2006, Effects of vocal loudness variation on spectrum balance as reflected by the alpha measure of long-term-average spectra of speech, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 120, 453, 10.1121/1.2208451

Ternström, 2002, Cancellation of simulated environmental noise as a tool for measuring vocal performance during noise exposure, J. Voice, 16, 195, 10.1016/S0892-1997(02)00089-9

Titze, 1989, On the relation between subglottal pressure and fundamental frequency in phonation, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 85, 901, 10.1121/1.397562

Titze, 1992, Vocal intensity in speakers and singers, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 91, 2936, 10.1121/1.402929

Traumüller, 2000, Acoustic effects of variation in vocal effort by men, women, and children, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 107, 3438, 10.1121/1.429414

Van Summers, 1988, Effects of noise on speech production: acoustic and perceptual analyses, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 84, 917, 10.1121/1.396660

Welby, 2006, Intonational differences in Lombard speech: looking beyond F0 range, 763

Wier, 1977, Frequency discrimination as a function of frequency and sensation level, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 61, 178, 10.1121/1.381251

Zeiliger, 1994, BD_Bruit, une base de données de parole de locuteurs soumis à du bruit [BD_Bruit, a database of speakers exposed to noise], 287