Spatial variability of the properties of marsh soils and their impact on vegetation
Tóm tắt
Spatial variability of the properties of soils and the character of vegetation was studied on seacoasts of the Velikii Island in the Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea. It was found that the chemical and physicochemical properties of marsh soils (Tidalic Fluvisols) are largely dictated by the distance from the sea and elevation of the sampling point above sea level. The spatial distribution of the soil properties is described by a quadratic trend surface. With an increase in the distance from the sea, the concentration of ions in the soil solution decreases, and the organic carbon content and soil acidity become higher. The spatial dependence of the degree of variability in the soil properties is moderate. Regular changes in the soil properties along the sea-land gradient are accompanied by the presence of specific spatial patterns related to the system of temporary water streams, huge boulders, and beached heaps of sea algae and wood debris. The cluster analysis made it possible to distinguish between five soil classes corresponding to the following plant communities: barren surface (no permanent vegetation), clayey-sandy littoral with sparse halophytes, marsh with large rhizomatous grasses, and grass-forb-bunchberry vegetation of forest margins. The subdivision into classes is especially distinct with respect to the concentration of chloride ions. The following groups of factors affect the distribution of vegetation: the composition of the soil solution, the height above sea level, the pH of water suspensions, and the humus content.
Tài liệu tham khảo
I. G. Avenarius, A. D. Vital’, and E. N. Sidneva, “Microblock morphological structure of southeastern coast of the Kola Peninsula (Kandalaksha Bay) and its reflection in the structure of coastal zone and vegetation, in Proceedings of the Scientific Conference Dedicated to 70th Anniversary of Belomorskaya Biological Station of Moscow State University (Grif i K, Moscow, 2008), pp. 334–338.
E. V. Arinushkina, Chemical Analysis of Soils (Moscow State University, Moscow, 1952) [in Russian].
Atlas of Karelian ASSR (Moscow, 1989) [in Russian].
L. B. Vostokova and N. V. Oreshnikova, “Some structural features of water extracts of marsh soils of the Karelian coast of the Bering Sea,” in The III Congress of Dokuchaev Society of Soil Scientists, Abstracts of Papers (Dokuchaev Research Institute of Soil Science, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Moscow, 2000), Book 3, pp. 21–22.
V. V. Dem’yanov and E. A. Savel’eva, Geostatistics: Theory and Practice (Nauka, Moscow, 2010) [in Russian].
R. H. G. Jongman, C. J. F. Ter Braak, and O. F. R. van Tongeren, Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology (Cambridge University Press, New York, 1995).
V. V. Dobrovol’skii, “Geochemical character of soil processes in marine and oceanic islands and coasts,” Pochvovedenie, No. 4, 89–102 (1991).
N. S. Kasimov, M. S. Kasatenkova, A. N. Gennadiev, and M. Y. Lychagin, “Modern geochemical evolution of lagoon-marshy landscapes in the western Caspian Sea region,” Eurasian Soil Sci. 45(1), 1–11 (2012).
M. N. Kozhin, “Floristic diversity of the islands of the Kandalaksha Bay,” Vestn. Mosk. Univ., Ser. 5: Geogr., No. 6, 85–90 (2011).
V. V. Kol’ka, V. Ya. Evzerov, Ya. I. Meller, and D. D. Korner, “Post-glacial isostatic rises on the northeast of Baltic Shield,” in New Data on Geology and Minerals of the Kola Peninsula, Ed. by F. P. Mitrofanov (Kola Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, 2005), pp. 15–25.
N. E. Koroleva, S. V. Chinenko, and E. B. Sortland, “Communities of marshes, beaches, and marine moss lands of Murmansk, Tersk, and east Kandalaksha coasts (Murmansk oblast),” Fitoraznoobrazie Vost. Evropy, No. 9, 26–62 (2011).
A. M. Kuznetsova, “Evolution of marine sediments into marsh soils of different type coasts,” Vestn. Mosk. Univ., Ser. 17: Pochvoved., No. 2, 20–27 (1999).
I. F. Kuzyakova, V. A. Romanenkov, and Ya. V. Kuzyakov, “Geostatistics in soil agrochemical studies,” Eurasian Soil Sci. 34(9), 1011–1017 (2001).
I. A. Lavrinenko, “Remote monitoring of marsh vegetation from the Bering Sea coast,” Sovrem. Probl. Distantsionnogo Zondirovaniya Zemli Kosmosa 9(2), 67–72 (2012).
Yu. L. Meshalkina and V. P. Samsonova, Mathematical Statistics Applied in Soil Science: Practical Manual (MAKS-Press, Moscow, 2008) [in Russian].
A. V. Novikova, “Assessment of the effect of aerial transport of salts on solonetzic process in the Black Sea region,” Eurasian Soil Sci. 42(12), 1325–1334 (2009).
N. V. Oreshnikova, P. V. Krasilnikov, and S. A. Shoba, “Marsh soils of the Karelian shore of the White Sea,” Moscow Univ. Soil Sci. Bull. 67(4), 152–158 (2012).
V. N. Pereverzev, L. A. Kazakov, and V. A. Chamin, “Genetic features of soils on marine sands and their windblown derivatives on the White Sea coast (the Kola Peninsula),” Eurasian Soil Sci. 44(1), 13–21 (2011).
D. L. Rowell, Soil Science: Methods & Applications (Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, 1994).
E. N. Sidneva, “Changes in vegetation related with coast rising (around the Velikii Island),” in Proceedings of the Scientific Conference Dedicated to 70th Anniversary of The White Sea Biological Station of the Moscow State University (Grif i K, Moscow, 2008), pp. 203–207.
N. B. Khitrov, D. I. Rukhovivh, N. V. Kalinina, A. F. Novikova, E. I. Pankova, and G. I. Chernousenko, “Estimation of the areas of salt-affected soils in the European part of Russia on the basis of a digital map of soil salinization on a scale of 1: 2.5 M,” Eurasian Soil Sci. 42(6), 581–590 (2009).
M. A. Tseits and D. V. Dobrynin, “Changes in soils of marine coast affected by accumulation of accidental wood (Northern Karelia),” in Biological Studies, Exploration, and Protection of Flora and Fauna, and Soil Cover in Eastern Fennoscandia (Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, 1999), pp. 226–227.
M. A. Tseits and D. V. Dobrynin, “Morphogenetic diagnostics and classification of tidal marsh soils in Karelia (White Sea coast),” Eurasian Soil Sci. 30(4), 352–357 (1997).
M. A. Tseits, D. V. Dobrynin, and E. A. Belozerova, “Structure of soil and vegetation covers of the marine zone of the White Sea,” in Ecological Functions of Soils in Eastern Fennoscandia (Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, 2000), pp. 95–107.
G. I. Chernousenko, N. V. Oreshnikova, and N. G. Ukraintseva, “Soil salinization in coastal areas of the Arctic and Pacific regions of Russia,” Eurasian Soil Sci. 34(10), 1062–1076 (2001).
T. M. Burgess and R. Webster, “Optimal interpolation and isarithmic mapping of soil properties. I: The semivariogram and punctual kriging,” J. Soil Sci. 31(2), 315–333 (1980).
N. Cressie, “Fitting variogram models by weighted least squares,” Math. Geol. 17, 563–586 (1985).
C. Hladic and M. Alber, “Classification of salt marsh vegetation using edaphic and remote sensing-derived variables,” Estuarine, Coast. Shelf Sci. 141, 47–57 (2014).
K. W. Juang and D. Y. Lee, “A comparison of three kriging methods using auxiliary variables in heavy-metal contaminated soils,” J. Environ. Qual. 27(2), 355–363 (1998).
J.-P. Lunkka, N. Putkinen, and A. Miettinen, “Shoreline displacement in the Belomorsk area, NW Russia during the Younger Dryas Stadial,” Quat. Sci. Rev. 37, 26–37 (2012).
A. McBratney and R. Webster, “Choosing functions for semi-variograms of soil properties and fitting them to sampling estimates,” J. Soil Sci. 37, 617–639 (1986).
K. B. Moffett, D. A. Robinson, and S. M. Gorelick, “Relationship of salt marsh vegetation zonation to spatial patterns in soil moisture, salinity, and topography,” Ecosystems 13, 1287–1302 (2010).
Y. Pannatier, VARIOWIN: Software for Spatial Data Analysis in 2D (Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. 1996).
S. Silvestri, A. Defina, and M. Marani, “Tidal regime, salinity, and salt marsh plant zonation,” Estuarine, Coast. Shelf Sci. 62, 119–130 (2005).
SURFER Software, Version 6.02 (Golden Software, 1993–1996).
H. Wang, Y. P. Hsien, M. A. Harwell, and W. Huang, “Modeling soil salinity distribution along topographic gradients in tidal salt marshes in Atlantic and Gulf coastal regions,” Ecol. Model. 201, 429–439 (2007).
R. Xiao, J. Bai, H. Gao, L. Huang, and W. Deng, “Spatial distribution of phosphorus in marsh soils of a typical land/inland water ecotone along a hydrological gradient,” Catena 98, 96–103 (2012).