Spatial variability of fine and coarse particle composition and sources in Cyprus

Achilleos, 2014, PM10 concentration levels at an urban and background site in Cyprus: the impact of urban sources and dust storms, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc., 64, 1352, 10.1080/10962247.2014.923061

Andersen, 2007, Ambient particle source apportionment and daily hospital admissions among children and elderly in Copenhagen, J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 17, 625, 10.1038/sj.jes.7500546

Andersen, 2012, Diabetes incidence and long-term exposure to air pollution: a cohort study, Diabetes Care, 35, 92, 10.2337/dc11-1155

Appel, 1981, Sampling of nitrates in ambient air, Atmos. Environ., 15, 283, 10.1016/0004-6981(81)90029-9

Atkinson, 2010, Urban ambient particle metrics and health: a time-series analysis, Epidemiology, 21, 501, 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181debc88

Behbod, 2013, Endotoxin in concentrated coarse and fine ambient particles induces acute systemic inflammation in controlled human exposures, Occup. Environ. Med., 70, 761, 10.1136/oemed-2013-101498

Bell, 2009, Hospital admissions and chemical composition of fine particle air pollution, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 179, 1115, 10.1164/rccm.200808-1240OC

Bell, 2010, Prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter and birth weight: variations by particulate constituents and sources, Epidemiology, 21, 884, 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181f2f405

Birch, 1996, Elemental carbon-based method for monitoring occupational exposures to particulate diesel exhaust, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 25, 221, 10.1080/02786829608965393

Brook, 2010, Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 121, 2331, 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1

Chan, 2011, A case-crossover analysis of Asian dust storms and mortality in the downwind areas using 14-year data in Taipei, Sci. Total Environ., 410–411, 47, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.031

Charrier, 2011, Impacts of antioxidants on hydroxyl radical production from individual and mixed transition metals in a surrogate lung fluid, Atmos. Environ., 45, 7555, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.021

Chen, 2011, Coarse particles and mortality in three Chinese cities: the China Air Pollution and Health Effects Study (CAPES), Sci. Total Environ., 409, 4934, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.08.058

Clark, 2010, Effect of early life exposure to air pollution on development of childhood asthma, Environ. Health Perspect., 118, 284, 10.1289/ehp.0900916

Culkin, 1976, Sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and strontium in sea water, Deep-Sea Res., 13, 789

Davy, 2012, Composition and source contributions of air particulate matter pollution in a New Zealand suburban town, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 3, 143, 10.5094/APR.2012.014

De Caritat, 2012, Comparing results from two continental geochemical surveys to world soil composition and deriving Predicted Empirical Global Soil (PEGS2) reference values, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 319–320, 269, 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.12.033

De Hartog, 2009, Associations between PM2.5 and heart rate variability are modified by particle composition and beta-blocker use in patients with coronary heart disease, Environ. Health Perspect., 117, 105, 10.1289/ehp.11062

Delfino, 2010, Traffic-related air pollution and blood pressure in elderly subjects with coronary artery disease, Epidemiology, 21, 396, 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181d5e19b

Dominici, 2006, Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 295, 1127, 10.1001/jama.295.10.1127

Draxler, 2015

Echalar, 1995, Aerosol emissions by tropical forest and savanna biomass burning: characteristic trace elements and fluxes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3039, 10.1029/95GL03170

Edgerton, 2005, The Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization Study: Part II. Filter-based measurements of fine and coarse particulate matter mass and composition, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc., 55, 1527, 10.1080/10473289.2005.10464744

Edgerton, 2009, Measurements of OC and EC in coarse particulate matter in the Southeastern United States, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc., 59, 78, 10.3155/1047-3289.59.1.78

EEA (European Environment Agency), 2014

European Commission, 2014

Fenter, 1994, Kinetics of nitric acid uptake by salt, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 9801, 10.1021/j100090a014

Ferm, 1986, A sodium carbonate-coated denuder and filter for determination of gaseous HNO3 and particulate nitrate ion in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 20, 1193, 10.1016/0004-6981(86)90153-8

Filleul, 2005, Twenty five year mortality and air pollution: results from the French PAARC survey, Occup. Environ. Med., 62, 453, 10.1136/oem.2004.014746

Franklin, 2008, The role of particle composition on the association between PM2.5 and mortality, Epidemiology, 19, 680, 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181812bb7

Gent, 2009, Symptoms and medication use in children with asthma and traffic related sources of fine particle pollution, Environ. Health Perspect., 117, 1168, 10.1289/ehp.0800335

Gilmour, 2006, Systemic imbalance of essential metals and cardiac gene expression in rats following acute pulmonary zinc exposure, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 69, 2011, 10.1080/15287390600746173

Gottipolu, 2008, Cardiopulmonary responses of intratracheally instilled tire particles and constituent metal components, Inhal. Toxicol., 20, 473, 10.1080/08958370701858427

Hatzis, 2006, Ambient particulate matter exhibits direct inhibitory effects on oxidative stress enzymes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 2805, 10.1021/es0518732

Heal, 2005, Total and water-soluble trace metal content of urban background PM10, PM2.5 and black smoke in Edinburgh, UK, Atmos. Environ., 39, 1417, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.11.026

Ito, 2011, Fine particulate matter constituents associated with cardiovascular hospitalizations and mortality in New York City, Environ. Health Perspect., 119, 467, 10.1289/ehp.1002667

Janssen, 2012

Kang, 2014, Interlab comparison of elemental analysis for low ambient urban PM2.5 levels, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 12150, 10.1021/es502989j

Katsouyanni, 2009, Air Pollution and Health: A European and North American Approach (APHENA)

Kavouras, 2001, Source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in five Chilean cities using factor analysis, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 51, 451, 10.1080/10473289.2001.10464273

Khalil, 2003, Tracers of wood smoke, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1211, 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01014-2

Kim, 2012, The temporal lag structure of short-term associations of fine particulate matter chemical constituents and cardiovascular and respiratory hospitalizations, Environ. Health Perspect., 120, 1094, 10.1289/ehp.1104721

Koulouri, 2008, Chemical composition and sources of fine and coarse aerosol particles in the Eastern Mediterranean, Atmos. Environ., 42, 6542, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.04.010

Koutrakis, 1988, An improved method for measuring aerosol strong acidity: results from a nine-month study in St Louis, Missouri and Kingston, Tennessee, Atmos. Environ., 22, 157, 10.1016/0004-6981(88)90308-3

Krämer, 2010, Traffic-related air pollution and incident type 2 diabetes: results from the SALIA cohort study, Environ. Health Perspect., 118, 1273, 10.1289/ehp.0901689

Lall, 2011, Distributed lag analyses of daily hospital admissions and source-apportioned fine particle air pollution, Environ. Health Perspect., 119, 455, 10.1289/ehp.1002638

Lee, 2005, Performance evaluation of commonly used impaction substrates under various loading conditions, Aerosol Sci., 36, 881, 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.11.006

Lee, 2011, Spatial and temporal variability of fine particle composition and source types in five cities of Connecticut and Massachusetts, Sci. Total Environ., 409, 2133, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.02.025

Lepeule, 2012, Chronic exposure to fine particles and mortality: an extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities study from 1974 to 2009, Environ. Health Perspect., 120, 965, 10.1289/ehp.1104660

Lippmann, 2006, Cardiovascular effects of nickel in ambient air, Environ. Health Perspect., 114, 1662, 10.1289/ehp.9150

Mallone, 2011, Saharan dust and associations between particulate matter and daily mortality in Rome, Italy, Environ. Health Perspect., 119, 1409, 10.1289/ehp.1003026

Malm, 2004, Spatial and monthly trends in speciated fine particle concentration in the United States, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 109, 1

Mar, 2006, PM source apportionment and health effects. 3. Investigation of inter-method variations in associations between estimated source contributions of PM2.5 and daily mortality in Phoenix, AZ, J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 16, 311, 10.1038/sj.jea.7500465

Marple, 1987, Low flow rate sharp cut impactors for indoor air sampling: design and calibration, JAPCA, 37, 1303, 10.1080/08940630.1987.10466325

Masri, 2015, Composition and sources of fine and coarse particles collected during 2002–2010 in Boston, MA, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 65, 287, 10.1080/10962247.2014.982307

Medeiros, 2004, Acute pulmonary and hematological effects of two types of particle surrogates are influenced by their elemental composition, Environ. Res., 95, 62, 10.1016/j.envres.2003.07.007

Meister, 2012, Estimated short-term effects of coarse particles on daily mortality in Stockholm, Sweden, Environ. Health Perspect., 120, 431, 10.1289/ehp.1103995

Middleton, 2008, A 10-year time-series analysis of respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity in Nicosia, Cyprus: the effect of short-term changes in air pollution and dust storms, Environ. Health, 7, 1

Mostofsky, 2012, Modeling the association between particle constituents of air pollution and health outcomes, Am. J. Epidemiol., 176, 317, 10.1093/aje/kws018

Na, 2004, Primary and secondary carbonaceous species in the atmosphere of Western Riverside County, California, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1345, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.023

Neophytou, 2013, Particulate matter concentrations during desert dust outbreaks and daily mortality in Nicosia, Cyprus, J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 23, 275, 10.1038/jes.2013.10

Ostro, 2009, The effects of fine particle components on respiratory hospital admissions in children, Environ. Health Perspect., 117, 475, 10.1289/ehp.11848

Ostro, 2011, Quantifying the health impacts of future changes in temperature in California, Environ. Res., 111, 1258, 10.1016/j.envres.2011.08.013

Paatero, 1997, Least squares formulation of robust non-negative factor analysis, Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst., 37, 23, 10.1016/S0169-7439(96)00044-5

Paatero, 1994, Positive matrix factorization: a non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values, Environmetrics, 5, 111, 10.1002/env.3170050203

Paatero, 2014, Methods for estimating uncertainty in factor analytic solutions, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 781, 10.5194/amt-7-781-2014

Pakkanen, 2001, Sources and chemical composition of atmospheric fine and coarse particles in the Helsinki area, Atmos. Environ., 35, 5381, 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00307-7

Pasanen, 2012, Mortality among population with exposure to industrial air pollution containing nickel and other toxic metals, J. Occup. Environ. Med., 54, 583, 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182492050

Paschardes, 1995, Statistical analysis of wind speed and direction in Cyprus, Sol. Energy, 55, 405, 10.1016/0038-092X(95)00064-X

Pereira, 2014, Sources of fine particulate matter and risk of preterm birth in Connecticut, 2000–2006: a longitudinal study, Environ. Health Perspect., 122, 1117, 10.1289/ehp.1307741

Perez, 2009, Size fractionate particulate matter, vehicle traffic, and case specific daily mortality in Barcelona, Spain, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4707, 10.1021/es8031488

Perrone, 2011, Composition of fine and coarse particles in a coastal site of the central Mediterranean: Carbonaceous species contributions, Atmos. Environ., 45, 7470, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.04.030

Putaud, 2010, A European aerosol phenomenology e 3: physical and chemical characteristics of particulate matter from 60 rural, urban, and kerbside sites across Europe, Atmos. Environ., 44, 1308, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.011

Querol, 2009, African dust contributions to mean ambient PM10 mass-levels across the Mediterranean Basin, Atmos. Environ., 43, 4266, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.06.013

Querol, 2009, Variability in regional background aerosols within the Mediterranean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4575, 10.5194/acp-9-4575-2009

Raaschou-Nielsen, 2013, Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and diabetes-associated mortality: a cohort study, Diabetologia, 56, 36

Reff, 2007, Receptor modeling of ambient particulate matter data using positive matrix factorization: review of existing methods, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 57, 146, 10.1080/10473289.2007.10465319

Rodriguez, 2011, Transport of desert dust mixed with North African industrial pollutants in the subtropical Saharan Air Layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6663, 10.5194/acp-11-6663-2011

Rohr, 2014, Asthma exacerbation is associated with particulate matter source factors in children in New York City, Air Qual. Atmos. Health, 7, 239, 10.1007/s11869-013-0230-y

Rolph, 2015

Rückerl, 2011, Health effects of particulate air pollution: a review of epidemiological evidence, Inhal. Toxicol., 23, 555, 10.3109/08958378.2011.593587

Sarnat, 2008, Fine particle sources and cardiorespiratory morbidity: an application of chemical mass balance and factor analytical source-apportionment methods, Environ. Health Perspect., 116, 459, 10.1289/ehp.10873

Sciare, 2008, Long-term measurements of carbonaceous aerosols in the Eastern Mediterranean: evidence of long-range transport of biomass burning, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 6949, 10.5194/acpd-8-6949-2008

Seinfeld, 2006

Sillanpaa, 2005, Comparison of the levels of organic, elemental and inorganic carbon in particulate matter in six urban environments in Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 5, 2719, 10.5194/acpd-5-2719-2005

Son, 2012, Characterization of fine particulate matter and associations between particulate chemical constituents and mortality in Seoul, Korea, Environ. Health Perspect., 120, 872, 10.1289/ehp.1104316

Song, 2001, Sources of fine particle composition in the northeastern US, Atmos. Environ., 35v, 5277, 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00338-7

Tam, 2012, Effect of dust storm events on daily emergency admissions for respiratory diseases, Respirology, 17, 143, 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02056.x

Tobías, 2011, Short-term effects of particulate matter on total mortality during Saharan dust outbreaks: a case-crossover analysis in Madrid (Spain), Sci. Total Environ., 412–413, 386, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.10.027

US EPA, 2014

Vignati, 2001, Modeling coastal aerosol transport and effects of surf-produced aerosols on processes in the marine atmospheric boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 20225, 10.1029/2000JD000025

WHO Europe, 2013

Wilhelm, 2012, Traffic-related air toxics and term low birth weight in Los Angeles County, California, Environ. Health Perspect., 120, 132, 10.1289/ehp.1103408

Zanobetti, 2009, Fine particulate air pollution and its components in association with cause-specific emergency admissions, Environ. Health, 8, 1