Spatial Variability of Turbulent Fluxes in the Roughness Sublayer of an Even-Aged Pine Forest

Boundary-Layer Meteorology - Tập 93 Số 1 - Trang 1-28 - 1999
Gabriel G. Katul1, Cheng‐I Hsieh1, D. R. Bowling2, Kenneth L. Clark3, Narasinha Shurpali4, Andrew A. Turnipseed2, J. D. Albertson5, Kevin Tu6, Dave Hollinger6, Bob Evans6, Brian Offerle4, Dean E. Anderson7, David S. Ellsworth1, Chris Vogel8, Ram Oren1
1School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, U.S.A.
2Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Bolder, U.S.A.
3School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, U.S.A.
4Department of Geography, Indiana University, Bloomington, U.S.A
5Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, U.S.A.
6United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Durham, U.S.A.
7M.S.413, Federal Center, United States Geological Survey, Denver, U.S.A.
8University of Michigan Biological Station, Pellston, U.S.A.

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Albertson, J. D., Parlange, M. B., Katul, G. G., Chu, C. R., and Stricker, H.: 1995, ‘Sensible Heat Flux Estimates for Arid Regions: A Simple Flux-Variance Method’, Water Resour. Res. 31, 969-973.

Albini, F. A.: 1981, ‘A Phenomenological Model for Wind Speed and Shear Stress Profiles in Vegetation Cover Layers’, J. Appl. Meteorol. 20, 1325-1335.

Amiro, B. D.: 1990, ‘Comparison of Turbulence Statistics within Three Boreal Forest Canopies’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 51, 99-121.

Amiro, B. D. and Davis, P. A.: 1988, ‘Statistics of Atmospheric Turbulence within a Natural Black Spruce Forest Canopy’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 44, 267-283.

Andreas, E. L., Hill, R., Gosz, J., Moore, D., Otto, W., and Sarma, A.: 1998, ‘Statistics of Surface Layer Turbulence over Terrain with Metre-Scale Heterogeneity’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 86, 379-408.

Baldocchi, D. and Meyers, T. P.: 1989, ‘The Effects of Extreme Turbulent Events of the Estimation of Aerodynamic Variables in a Decidous Forest Canopy’, Agric. For. Meteorol. 48, 117-134.

Baldocchi, D. and Meyers, T. D.: 1988, ‘Turbulence Structure in a Deciduous Forest’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 43, 345-364.

Baldocchi, D.: 1992, ‘A Lagrangian Random Walk Model for Simulating Water Vapour, CO2 and Sensible Heat Densities and Scalar Profiles over and within a Soybean Canopy’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 61, 113-144.

Ellsworth, D. S., Oren, R., Huang, C., Phillips, N., and Hendrey, G.: 1995, ‘Leaf and Canopy Responses to Elevated CO2 in a Pine Forest under Free-Air CO2 Enrichment’, Oecologia 104, 139-146.

Ellsworth, D. S.: 1999, ‘CO2 Enrichment in a Maturing Pine Forest: Are CO2 Exchange and Water Status in the Canopy Affected?’, Plant, Cell Environ., in press.

Finnigan, J. J.: 1985, ‘Turbulent Transport in Flexible Plant Canopies’, in B. A. Hutchinson and B. B. Hicks (eds.), The Forest-Atmosphere Interaction, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, pp. 443-480.

Hsieh, C. I., Katul, G. G., Scheildge, J., Sigmon, J. T., and Knoerr, K. R.: 1996, ‘Estimation of Momentum and Heat Fluxes Using Dissipation and Flux-Variance Methods in the Unstable Surface Layer’, Water Resour. Res. 8, 2453-2462.

Hsieh, C. I. and Katul, G. G.: 1997, ‘The Dissipation Methods, Taylor's Hypothesis, and Stability Correction Functions in the Atmospheric Surface Layer’, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 16,391-16,405.

Irvine, M. R. and Brunet, Y.: 1996, ‘Wavelet Analysis of Coherent Eddies in the Vicinity of Several Vegetation Canopies’, Phys. Chem. Earth 21, 161-165.

Kaimal, J. C. and Finnigan, J. J.: 1994, Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows: Their Structure and Measurements, Oxford University Press, 289 pp.

Kaiser, J.: 1998, ‘Climate Change — New Network Aims to Take the Worlds CO2 Pulse Source’, Science 281, 506-507.

Katul, G. G., Geron, C., Hsieh, C. I., Vidakovic, B., and Guenther, A.: 1998, ‘Active Turbulence and Scalar Transport near the Forest-Atmosphere Interface’, J. Appl. Meteorol. 37, 1533-1546.

Katul, G. G. and Albertson, J. D.: 1998, ‘An Investigation of Higher Order Closure Models for a Forested Canopy’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 89, 47-74.

Katul, G. G., Oren, R., Ellsworth, D., Hsieh, C. I., and Phillips, N.: 1997a, ‘A Lagrangian Dispersion Model for Predicting CO2 Sources, Sinks, and Fluxes in a Uniform Loblolly Pine Stand’, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 9309-9321.

Katul, G. G., Hsieh, C. I., Kuhn, G., Ellsworth, D., and Nie, D.: 1997b, ‘Turbulent Eddy Motion at the Forest-Atmosphere Interface’, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 13,409-13,421.

Katul, G. G., Hsieh, C. I., Oren, R., Ellsworth, D., and Phillips, N.: 1996a, ‘Latent and Sensible Heat Flux Predictions from a Uniform Pine Forest Using Surface Renewal and Flux Variance Methods’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 80, 249-282.

Katul, G. G., Albertson, J. D., Hsieh, C. I., Conklin, P. S., Sigmon, J. T., Parlange, M. B., and Knoerr, K. R.: 1996b, ‘The Inactive Eddy-Motion and the Large-Scale Turbulent Pressure Fluctuations in the Dynamic Sublayer’, J. Atmos. Sci. 53, 2512-2524.

Katul, G. G., Goltz, S. M., Hsieh, C. I., Cheng, Y., Mowry, F., and Sigmon, J.: 1995, ‘Estimation of Surface Heat and Momentum Fluxes Using the Flux-Variance Method above Uniform and Non-Uniform Terrain’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 74, 237-260.

Kondo, J. and Akashi, S.: 1976, ‘Numerical Studies on the Two-Dimensional Flow in Horizontally Homogeneous Canopy Layers’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 10, 255-272.

Leclerc, M. Y., Thurtell, G. W., and Kidd, G. E.: 1988, ‘Measurements and Langevin Simulations of Mean Tracer Concentration Fields Downwind from a Circular Source inside an Alfalfa Canopy’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 43, 287-308.

Leclerc, M. Y., Beissner, K. C., Shaw, R. H., Den Hartog, G., and Neumann, H. H.: 1990, ‘The Influence of, Atmospheric Stability on the Budgets of the Reynolds Stress and Turbulent Kinetic Energy within and above a Deciduous Forest’, J. Appl. Meteorol. 29, 916-933.

Lenschow, D. H. and Kristensen, L.: 1985, ‘Uncorrelated Noise in Turbulence Measurements’, J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech. 2, 68-81.

Lenschow, D. H. and Raupach, M. R.: 1991, ‘The Attenuation of Fluctuations in Scalar Concentrations through Sampling Tubes’, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 15,259-15,268.

Lewellen, W. S., Teske, M. E., and Sheng, Y. P.: 1980, ‘Micrometeorological Applications of a Second Order Closure Model of Turbulent Transport’, in L. J. S. Bradbury, F. Durst, B. E. Launder, F. W. Schmidt, and J. H. Whitelaw (eds.), Turbulent Shear Flows II, Springer-Verlag, pp. 366-378.

Lu, C. H. and Fitzjarrald, D. R.: 1994, ‘Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Coherent Structures over a Deciduous Forest’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 69, 43-69.

Moritz, E.: 1989, ‘Heat and Momentum Transport in an Oak Forest Canopy’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 49, 317-329.

Meyers, T. and Paw U, K. T.: 1986, ‘Testing of a Higher-Order Closure Model for Modeling Airflow within and above Plant Canopies’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 37, 297-311.

Paw U, K. T., Brunet, Y., Collineau, S., Shaw, R. H., Maitani, T., Qiu, J., and Hipps, L.: 1992, ‘On Coherent Structures in Turbulence above and within Agricultural Plant Canopies’, Agric. For. Meteorol. 61, 55-68.

Raupach, M. R., Antonia, R. A., and Rajagopalan, S.: 1991, ‘Rough-Wall Turbulent Boundary Layers’, Appl. Mech. Rev. 44, 1-25.

Raupach, M. R., Finnigan, J. J., and Brunet, Y.: 1996, ‘Coherent Eddies and Turbulence in Vegetation Canopies: The Mixing Layer Analogy’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 78, 351-382.

Raupach, M. R.: 1988, ‘Canopy Transport Processes’, in W. L. Steffem and O. T. Denmead (eds.), Flow and Transport in the Natural Environment: Advances and Applications, Springer-Verlag, pp. 95-127.

Raupach, M. R. and Shaw, R. H.: 1982, ‘Averaging Procedures for Flow within Vegetation Canopies’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 22, 79-90.

Raupach, M. R. and Thom, A. S.: 1981, ‘Turbulence in and above Canopies’, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 13, 97-129.

Ritter, J. A., Lenschow, D. H., Barrick, J. D., Gregory, G. L., Sache, G. W., Hill, G. F., and Woerner, M. A.: 1990, ‘Airborne Flux Measurements and Budget Estimates of Trace Species over the Amazon Basin during the GTE/ABLE 2B Expedition’, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 16,875-16,886.

Thompson, N.: 1979, ‘Turbulence Measurements above a Pine Forest’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 16, 293-310.

Thom, A. S.: 1971, ‘Momentum Absorption by Vegetation’, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 97, 414-428.

Townsend, A. A.: 1976, The Structure of Turbulent Shear Flow, Cambridge University Press, 428 pp.

Wilson, N. R. and Shaw, R. H.: 1977, ‘A Higher Order Closure Model for Canopy Flow’, J. Appl. Meteorol. 16, 1198-1205.

Wilson, J. D.: 1988, ‘A Second Order Closure Model for Flow through Vegetation’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 42, 371-392.

Wilson, J. D.: 1989, ‘Turbulent Transport within the Plant Canopy’, in T. A. Black, D. L. Spittlehouse, M. D. Novak, and D. T. Price (eds.), Estimation of Areal Evapotranspiration, IAHS Publication No. 177, pp. 43-80.

Wofsy, S. C., Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., Fan, S. M., Bakwin, P. S., Daube, B. C., Bassow, S. L., and Bazzaz, F. A.: 1993, ‘Net Exchange of CO2 in a Mid-Latitude Forest’, Science 260, 1314-1317.

Yaglom, A. M.: 1979, ‘Similarity Laws for Constant-Pressure and Pressure Gradient Turbulent Wall Flows’, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 11, 505-540.