Spatial Pattern and Land Surface Features Associated with Cloud-to-Ground Lightning in Bangladesh: An Exploratory Study
Tóm tắt
Severe weather events such as lightning appear to be a significant threat to humans and property in South Asia, an area known for intense convective activity directly related to the tropical climate of these areas. The current study was conducted in Bangladesh and examined the association between cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning and ground surface properties, with the aim of improving existing knowledge regarding this phenomenon. GLD360 data from 2015 to 2020 were used to describe the seasonal lightning climatology. Elevation, land use and land cover, vegetation and surface heat flux data were used to examine all land surface features possibly associated with CG lightning occurrence. Hot and cold spot spatial patterning was calculated using local indicators of spatial association. Results indicated a strong CG lightning seasonality. CG stroke density varied considerably across seasons with the pre-monsoon exhibiting the highest density. This was followed by occurrences in the monsoon season. The March–June period experienced 73% of the total observed. Elevation appeared to influence the post-monsoon CG stroke, however, its role in the other seasons was more difficult to define. The land cover/lightning index indicated that waterbodies and herbaceous wetlands had more influence than other land cover types, both during the day and at night, and it appeared that latent heat flux played a major role. The CG stroke hot and cold spot locations varied diurnally. The findings suggest that large-scale irrigation practices, especially during the pre-monsoon months, can influence the observed spatiotemporal pattern. The production of hotspot maps could be an initial step in the development of a reliable lightning monitoring system and play a part in increasing public awareness of this issue.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adel MM (2022) Physical reasons and mitigation strategies for increased lightning in Bangladesh. Am J Environ Sci 18(1):1–19
Albrecht RI, Goodman SJ, Buechler DE, Blakeslee RJ, Christian HJ (2016) Where are the lightning hotspots on Earth? Bull Am Meteorol Soc 97(11):2051–2068
Alexander L (2011) Extreme heat rooted in dry soils. Nat Geosci 4(1):12–13
Anselin L (1995) Local indicators of spatial association—LISA. Geogr Anal 27(2):93–115
Aranguren D, López J, Inampués J, Torres H, Betz HD (2014) Cloud-to-ground lightning activity in Colombia and the influence of topography. In: 2014 International conference on lightning protection (ICLP), p 1850–1855, IEEE
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) (2015) Bangladesh: disaster related statistics 2015, climate change and natural disaster perspective. Ministry of Planning, Dhaka
Barros AP, Kim G, Williams E, Nesbitt SW (2004) Probing orographic controls in the Himalayas during the monsoon using satellite imagery. Nat Hazard 4(1):29–51
Bikos D, Finch J, Case JL (2016) The environment associated with significant tornadoes in Bangladesh. Atmos Res 167:183–195
Bleeker W, Andre MJ (1951) On the diurnal variation of precipitation, particularly over central USA, and its relation to large-scale orographic circulation systems. Q J R Meteorol Soc 77(332):260–271
Bourscheidt V, Junior OP, Naccarato KP, Pinto IRCA (2009) The influence of topography on the cloud-to-ground lightning density in South Brazil. Atmos Res 91(2–4):508–513
Brandt K, Graham L, Hawthorne T, Jeanty J, Burkholder B, Munisteri C, Visaggi C (2020) Integrating sketch mapping and hot spot analysis to enhance capacity for community-level flood and disaster risk management. Geogr J 186(2):198–212
Butt UM, Letchmunan S, Hassan FH, Ali M, Baqir A, Sherazi HHR (2020) Spatio-temporal crime hotspot detection and prediction: a systematic literature review. IEEE Access 8:166553–166574
Chakraborty R, Chakraborty A, Basha G, Ratnam MV (2021) Lightning occurrences and intensity over the Indian region: long-term trends and future projections. Atmos Chem Phys 21(14):11161–11177
Changnon SA (1989) Relations of thunderstorms and cloud-to-ground lightning frequencies. J Clim 2(8):897–921
Chate DM, Tinmaker MIR, Aslam MY, Ghude SD (2017) Climate indicators for lightning over sea, sea–land mixed and land-only surfaces in India. Int J Climatol 37(4):1672–1679
Chen L, Dirmeyer PA (2017) Impacts of land-use/land-cover change on afternoon precipitation over North America. J Clim 30(6):2121–2140
Chen J, Hagos S, Xiao H, Fast JD, Feng Z (2020) Characterization of surface heterogeneity-induced convection using cluster analysis. J Geophys Res Atmos 125(20):e2020JD032550
Chowdhuri I, Pal SC, Saha A, Chakrabortty R, Ghosh M, Roy P (2020) Significant decrease of lightning activities during COVID-19 lockdown period over Kolkata megacity in India. Sci Total Environ 747:141321
Cohen MB, Inan US, Paschal EW (2009) Sensitive broadband ELF/VLF radio reception with the AWESOME instrument. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 48(1):3–17
Deng X, Güneralp B, Su H (2014) Systematic modeling of land use impacts on surface climate. In: Land use impacts on climate. Springer, Berlin, p 1–17
Dewan A, Hossain MF, Rahman MM, Yamane Y, Holle RL (2017) Recent lightning-related fatalities and injuries in Bangladesh. Weather Clim Soc 9(3):575–589
Dewan A, Ongee ET, Rahman MM, Mahmood R, Yamane Y (2018a) Spatial and temporal analysis of a 17-year lightning climatology over Bangladesh with LIS data. Theor Appl Climatol 134(1):347–362
Dewan A, Ongee ET, Rafiuddin M, Rahman MM, Mahmood R (2018b) Lightning activity associated with precipitation and CAPE over Bangladesh. Int J Climatol 38(4):1649–1660
DiGangi EA, Stock M, Lapierre J (2022) Thunder hours: how old methods offer new insights into thunderstorm climatology. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 103(2):E548–E569
Dissing D, Verbyla DL (2003) Spatial patterns of lightning strikes in interior Alaska and their relations to elevation and vegetation. Can J for Res 33(5):770–782
Douglas EM, Beltrán-Przekurat A, Niyogi D, Pielke RA Sr, Vörösmarty CJ (2009) The impact of agricultural intensification and irrigation on land–atmosphere interactions and Indian monsoon precipitation—a mesoscale modeling perspective. Glob Planet Change 67(1–2):117–128
Ershova T, Punge HJ (2019) Lightning activity over anthropogenic and natural landscapes. In: IOP conference series: materials science and engineering, vol 698, no 4. IOP Publishing, p 044031
Galanaki E, Kotroni V, Lagouvardos K, Argiriou A (2015) A ten-year analysis of cloud-to-ground lightning activity over the Eastern Mediterranean region. Atmos Res 166:213–222
García MM, Martín JR, Soriano LR, de Pablo Davila F (2015) Observed impact of land uses and soil types on cloud-to-ground lightning in Castilla-Leon (Spain). Atmos Res 166:233–238
Gentine P, Massmann A, Lintner BR, Hamed Alemohammad S, Fu R, Green JK et al (2019) Land–atmosphere interactions in the tropics—a review. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 23(10):4171–4197
Glazer RH, Torres-Alavez JA, Coppola E, Giorgi F, Das S, Ashfaq M, Sines T (2020) Projected changes to severe thunderstorm environments as a result of twenty-first century warming from RegCM CORDEX-CORE simulations. Clim Dyn 57:1595–1613
Guerri G, Crisci A, Messeri A, Congedo L, Munafò M, Morabito M (2021) Thermal summer diurnal hot-spot analysis: the role of local urban features layers. Remote Sens 13(3):538
Hanesiak JM, Raddatz RL, Lobban S (2004) Local initiation of deep convection on the Canadian prairie provinces. Bound Layer Meteorol 110(3):455–470
Holle RL, Murphy MJ (2017) Lightning over three large tropical lakes and the Strait of Malacca: exploratory analyses. Mon Weather Rev 145(11):4559–4573
Holle RL, Dewan A, Said R, Brooks WA, Hossain MF, Rafiuddin M (2019) Fatalities related to lightning occurrence and agriculture in Bangladesh. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 41:101264
Holle RL (2016) Lightning-caused deaths and injuries related to agriculture. In: International conference on lightning protection (ICLP 2016), p 1–6
Huffines GR, Orville RE (1999) Lightning ground flash density and thunderstorm duration in the continental United States: 1989–96. J Appl Meteorol 38(7):1013–1019
Islam MN, Terao T, Uyeda H, Hayashi T, Kikuchi K (2005) Spatial and temporal variations of precipitation in and around Bangladesh. J Meteorol Soc Jpn Ser II 83(1):21–39
Kar SK, Liou YA (2014) Enhancement of cloud-to-ground lightning activity over Taipei, Taiwan in relation to urbanization. Atmos Res 147:111–120
Kar SK, Liou YA (2019) Influence of land use and land cover change on the formation of local lightning. Remote Sens 11(4):407
Kataoka A, Satomura T (2005) Numerical simulation on the diurnal variation of precipitation over northeastern Bangladesh: a case study of an active period 14–21 June 1995. Sola 1:205–208
Kellner O, Niyogi D (2014) Land surface heterogeneity signature in tornado climatology? An illustrative analysis over Indiana, 1950–2012. Earth Interact 18(10):1–32
Kilinc M, Beringer J (2007) The spatial and temporal distribution of lightning strikes and their relationship with vegetation type, elevation, and fire scars in the Northern Territory. J Clim 20(7):1161–1173
Kodama YM, Ohta A, Katsumata M, Mori S, Satoh S, Ueda H (2005) Seasonal transition of predominant precipitation type and lightning activity over tropical monsoon areas derived from TRMM observations. Geophys Res Lett 32(14):L14710. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022986
Kotroni V, Lagouvardos K (2008) Lightning occurrence in relation with elevation, terrain slope, and vegetation cover in the Mediterranean. J Geophys Res Atmos 113:D21118. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010605
Lavigne T, Liu C, Liu N (2019) How does the trend in thunder days relate to the variation of lightning flash density? J Geophys Res Atmos 124(9):4955–4974
Lawrence D, Vandecar K (2015) Effects of tropical deforestation on climate and agriculture. Nat Clim Chang 5(1):27–36
Lee SH, Kimura F (2001) Comparative studies in the local circulations induced by land-use and by topography. Bound Layer Meteorol 101(2):157–182
Lee E, Chase TN, Rajagopalan B, Barry RG, Biggs TW, Lawrence PJ (2009) Effects of irrigation and vegetation activity on early Indian summer monsoon variability. Int J Climatol 29(4):573–581
Luo Y, Wang H, Zhang R, Qian W, Luo Z (2013) Comparison of rainfall characteristics and convective properties of monsoon precipitation systems over South China and the Yangtze and Huai River basin. J Clim 26(1):110–132
Mäkelä A, Shrestha R, Karki R (2014) Thunderstorm characteristics in Nepal during the pre-monsoon season 2012. Atmos Res 137:91–99
Mallick S, Rakov VA, Ngin T, Gamerota WR, Pilkey JT, Hill JD et al (2014) Evaluation of the GLD360 performance characteristics using rocket-and-wire triggered lightning data. Geophys Res Lett 41(10):3636–3642
Mazarakis N, Kotroni V, Lagouvardos K, Argiriou AA (2008) Storms and lightning activity in Greece during the warm periods of 2003–06. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 47(12):3089–3098
Medina S, Houze RA Jr, Kumar A, Niyogi D (2010) Summer monsoon convection in the Himalayan region: terrain and land cover effects. Q J R Meteorol Soc 136(648):593–616
Nag A, Holle RL, Murphy MJ (2017) Cloud-to-ground lightning over the Indian subcontinent. In: Postprints of the 8th conference on the meteorological applications of lightning data. American Meteorological Society, Seattle/Washington, p 22–26
Niyogi D, Holt T, Zhong S, Pyle PC, Basara J (2006) Urban and land surface effects on the 30 July 2003 mesoscale convective system event observed in the southern Great Plains. J Geophys Res Atmos 111:D19107. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006746
Niyogi D, Kishtawal C, Tripathi S, Govindaraju RS (2010) Observational evidence that agricultural intensification and land use change may be reducing the Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Water Resour Res 46(3):W03533. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007082
Ohsawa T, Hayashi T, Mitsuta Y, Matsumoto J (2000) Intraseasonal variation of monsoon activities associated with the rainfall over Bangladesh during the 1995 summer monsoon season. J Geophys Res Atmos 105(D24):29445–29459
Ohsawa T, Ueda H, Hayashi T, Watanabe A, Matsumoto J (2001) Diurnal variations of convective activity and rainfall in tropical Asia. J Meteorol Soc Jpn Ser II 79(1B):333–352
Oulkar S, Siingh D, Saha U, Kamra AK (2019) Distribution of lightning in relation to topography and vegetation cover over the dry and moist regions in the Himalayas. J Earth Syst Sci 128(7):1–17
Penki RK, Kamra AK (2013) The lightning activity associated with the dry and moist convections in the Himalayan regions. J Geophys Res Atmos 118(12):6246–6258
Peterson M, Mach D, Buechler D (2021) A global LIS/OTD climatology of lightning flash extent density. J Geophys Res Atmos 126(8):e2020JD033885
Pielke RA Sr, Pitman A, Niyogi D, Mahmood R, McAlpine C, Hossain F et al (2011) Land use/land cover changes and climate: modeling analysis and observational evidence. Wiley Interdiscipl Rev Clim Change 2(6):828–850
Pitman AJ, Avila FB, Abramowitz G, Wang YP, Phipps SJ, de Noblet-Ducoudré N (2011) Importance of background climate in determining impact of land-cover change on regional climate. Nat Clim Chang 1(9):472–475
Pohjola H, Mäkelä A (2013) The comparison of GLD360 and EUCLID lightning location systems in Europe. Atmos Res 123:117–128
Prijith SS, Srinivasarao K, Lima CB, Gharai B, Rao PVN, SeshaSai MVR, Ramana MV (2021) Effects of land use/land cover alterations on regional meteorology over Northwest India. Sci Total Environ 765:142678
Qie X, Wu X, Yuan T, Bian J, Lu D (2014) Comprehensive pattern of deep convective systems over the Tibetan Plateau-South Asian monsoon region based on TRMM data. J Clim 27(17):6612–6626
Qie K, Tian W, Wang W, Wu X, Yuan T, Tian H et al (2020) Regional trends of lightning activity in the tropics and subtropics. Atmos Res 242:104960
Rabin RM, Stadler S, Wetzel PJ, Stensrud DJ, Gregory M (1990) Observed effects of landscape variability on convective clouds. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 71(3):272–280
Romatschke U, Medina S, Houze RA (2010) Regional, seasonal, and diurnal variations of extreme convection in the South Asian region. J Clim 23(2):419–439
Rudlosky SD, Peterson MJ, Kahn DT (2017) GLD360 performance relative to TRMM LIS. J Atmos Ocean Technol 34(6):1307–1322
Ryu YH, Smith JA, Bou-Zeid E, Baeck ML (2016) The influence of land surface heterogeneities on heavy convective rainfall in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area. Mon Weather Rev 144(2):553–573
Saha TR, Quadir DA (2016) Variability and trends of annual and seasonal thunderstorm frequency over Bangladesh. Int J Climatol 36(14):4651–4666
Said SNMBM, Zahran ESMM, Shams S (2017) Forest fire risk assessment using hotspot analysis in GIS. Open Civ Eng J 11(1):786–801
Said, R., & Murphy, M. (2016). GLD360 upgrade: Performance analysis and applications. In: 24th international lightning detection conference. San Diego, CA. International lightning detection conference and international lightning meteorology conference
Smith CM, Le Comber SC, Fry H, Bull M, Leach S, Hayward AC (2015) Spatial methods for infectious disease outbreak investigations: systematic literature review. Eurosurveillance 20(39):30026
Sokol NJ, Rohli RV (2018) Land cover, lightning frequency, and turbulent fluxes over Southern Louisiana. Appl Geogr 90:1–8
Soriano RL, Sánchez Llorente JM, González Zamora A, de Pablo Dávila F (2019) Influence of land cover on lightning and convective precipitation over the European continent. Progr Phys Geogr Earth Environ 43(3):352–364
Sun G, Hu Z, Wang J, Ma W, Gu L, Sun F et al (2019) The spatial heterogeneity of land surface conditions and its influence on surface fluxes over a typical underlying surface in the Tibetan Plateau. Theor Appl Climatol 135(1):221–235
Terao T, Islam MN, Hayashi T, Oka T (2006) Nocturnal jet and its effects on early morning rainfall peak over northeastern Bangladesh during the summer monsoon season. Geophys Res Lett 33(18):L18806
Vogt BJ, Hodanish SJ (2016) A geographical analysis of warm season lightning/landscape interactions across Colorado, USA. Appl Geogr 75:93–103
Westcott NE (1995) Summertime cloud-to-ground lightning activity around major Midwestern urban areas. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 34(7):1633–1642
Williams ER (2005) Lightning and climate: a review. Atmos Res 76(1–4):272–287
Williams E, Stanfill S (2002) The physical origin of the land–ocean contrast in lightning activity. C R Phys 3(10):1277–1292
Wilson JW, Megenhardt DL (1997) Thunderstorm initiation, organization, and lifetime associated with Florida boundary layer convergence lines. Mon Weather Rev 125(7):1507–1525
Xu W (2013) Precipitation and convective characteristics of summer deep convection over East Asia observed by TRMM. Mon Weather Rev 141(5):1577–1592
Xu X, Shrestha S, Gilani H, Gumma MK, Siddiqui BN, Jain AK (2020) Dynamics and drivers of land use and land cover changes in Bangladesh. Reg Environ Change 20(2):1–11
Yadava PK, Soni M, Verma S, Kumar H, Sharma A, Payra S (2020) The major lightning regions and associated casualties over India. Nat Hazards 101(1):217–229
Yair Y (2018) Lightning hazards to human societies in a changing climate. Environ Res Lett 13(12):123002
Zipser EJ, Cecil DJ, Liu C, Nesbitt SW, Yorty DP (2006) Where are the most intense thunderstorms on Earth? Bull Am Meteorol Soc 87(8):1057–1072