Spatial Distribution of Particulate Matter in Iran from Internal Factors to the Role of Western Adjacent Countries from Political Governance to Environmental Governance
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Trang 1-30
Tóm tắt
Environmental politics and governance are important topics in the Middle East, where issues such as climate change, pollution, environmental degradation, desertification, and soil erosion are prevalent, with particulate matter pollution being a major contributor. While it is involved in geopolitical and armed conflict factors, rather than political governance in the direction of air pollution control. This study examines the determinants and spatiotemporal influences of governance indicators (voice and accountability, political stability no violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption) on the particulate matter (i.e., black carbon, dust, and PM2.5), the meteorological parameters (wind speed, specific humidity, and temperature), vegetation cover (i.e., NDVI) data, population data, and geographical parameters of secven countries (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iraq, Oman, United Arab Emirates, and Iran) in Middle East, during 10 years (i.e., January 2013 to December 2022). The study employed the NASA Giovanni platforms, including MERRA-2, FLDAS and MODIS to process and analyze data using interpolation techniques. Additionally, exponential smoothing models with the Holt–Winter trend were compared and adjusted to provide monthly forecasts for BC, dust, and PM2.5. We show that the winds from the north and east of Arabia and southeast of Iraq can be considered as external factors of the concentration of particulate matter in Khuzestan, while it can be said that the concentration of black carbon in Tehran depends on internal factors. There is a maximum concentration of black carbon and the lowest governance indicators in Iraq. On the other, Oman and UAE with the highest dust and PM2.5 concentrations have the highest governance indicators. Moreover, there is a maximum positive correlation between the rule of law and NDVI in UAE and Oman. So, correlation analysis suggests that political governance plays a significant role in promoting the improvement of environmental management. Overall, this study proposes policy recommendations to reduce air pollution and improve environmental governance, such as producing insightful analyses of environmental politics and issues and implementing federal standards and common political law for the prevention of atmospheric particulate matter pollution across the Middle East.
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