Spanning the habitat gradient: Red-headed woodpecker nest-site selection in three distinct cover types

Anderson, 2016, Nest selection by red–headed woodpeckers across three spatial scales in an urban environment, Urban Ecosyst., 19, 297, 10.1007/s11252-015-0491-3 Batschelet, 1981 Bent A.C., 1939/1964. Life Histories of North American Woodpeckers. Dover Publications, Inc., New York (NY), pp. 195–210. Berkunsky, 2016, Nest survival and predation in blue–fronted parrots amazona aestiva: effects of nesting behaviour and cavity characteristics, Ardea, 104, 143, 10.5253/arde.v104i2.a6 Berl, 2015, Scale–dependent and multi–metric nest habitat thresholds for red–headed woodpeckers at the northern periphery of their range, The Condor, 117, 203, 10.1650/CONDOR-14-133.1 Brackbill, 1969, Reverse mounting by the Red–headed woodpecker, Bird-Banding, 40, 255 Brawn, 2006, Effects of restoring oak savannas on bird communities and populations, Conserv. Biol., 20, 460, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00310.x Bunnell, 2013, Sustaining cavity-using species: patterns of cavity use and implications to forest management, ISRN Forestry, 2013, 10.1155/2013/457698 Cain, 1996, Hardwood snag fragmentation in a pine–oak forest of southeastern Arkansas, Am. Midl. Nat., 136, 72, 10.2307/2426632 Conner, 1976, Nesting habitat for red–headed woodpeckers in southwestern Virginia, Bird-Banding, 47, 40, 10.2307/4512189 Coombs, 2010, Thermal properties of tree cavities during winter in a northern hardwood forest, J. Wildl. Manage., 74, 1875, 10.2193/2009-560 Cunningham, 2008 Dallas, 2015 Delong, 2012, What determines “suitable habitat” for metapopulation studies? An analysis of environmental gradients and species assemblages in xeric forest openings, Am. J. Bot., 99, 46, 10.3732/ajb.1000236 Doherty, 1996, Territories and caching–related behaviors of Red–headed woodpeckers wintering in a beech grove, Wilson Bulletin, 108, 740 Dunning, 1992, Ecological processes that affect populations in complex landscapes, Oikos, 65, 169, 10.2307/3544901 Elith, 2008, A working guide to boosted regression trees, J. Anim. Ecol., 77, 802, 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01390.x Fisher, 1934 Fisher, 2006, Effects of sex and age on survival of northern flickers: a six–year field study, The Condor, 108, 193, 10.1093/condor/108.1.193 Freckleton, 2002, Large–scale spatial dynamics of plants: metapopulations, regional ensembles and patchy populations, J. Ecol., 90, 419, 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00692.x Frei, 2017, Red–headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) Haggard, 2001, Effects of stand replacement fire and salvage logging on a cavity–nesting bird community in eastern Cascades, Northwest Sci., 75, 387 Hall, 1997, The habitat concept and a plea for standard terminology, Wildl. Soc. Bull., 25, 173 Hastie, 2001 Hijmans, R.J., Phillips, S., Leathwick, J., Elith, J., 2017. dismo: Species Distribution Modeling. R package version 1.1–4. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dismo. Hudson, 2013, Nest success and nest site selection of red–headed woodpeckers (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) in east–central Illinois, Am. Midl. Nat., 170, 86, 10.1674/0003-0031-170.1.86 Jackson, 2004, Ecological relationships between fungi and woodpecker cavity sites, The Condor, 106, 37, 10.1093/condor/106.1.37 Jackson, 1976, A comparison of some aspects of the breeding ecology of red–headed and red–bellied woodpeckers in Kansas, The Condor, 78, 67, 10.2307/1366917 Johnson, 2007, Measuring habitat quality: a review, The Condor, 109, 489, 10.1093/condor/109.3.489 Rosenberg, 2016 Kilgo, 2014, Can snag creation benefit a primary cavity nester: Response to an experimental pulse in snag abundance, Biol. Conserv., 171, 21, 10.1016/j.biocon.2014.01.003 Kilgo, 2012, Factors affecting breeding season survival of red–headed woodpeckers in South Carolina, J. Wildl. Manage., 76, 328, 10.1002/jwmg.282 Kilham, 1958, Territorial behavior of wintering Red–headed woodpeckers, Wilson Bull., 70, 347 Kilham, 1983, Life history studies of woodpeckers of eastern North America, Publ. Nuttall Ornithol. Club, 20, 1 King, 2007, Red–headed woodpecker nest–habitat thresholds in restored savannas, J. Wildl. Manage., 71, 30, 10.2193/2005-590 Landler, 2014, Global trends in woodpecker cavity entrance orientation: latitudinal and continental effects suggest regional climate influence, Acta Ornithologica, 49, 257, 10.3161/173484714X687145 Lochmiller, 1979, Use of beaver ponds by southeastern woodpeckers in winter, J. Wildl. Manage., 43, 263, 10.2307/3800670 Lorenz, 2015, The role of wood hardness in limiting nest site selection in avian cavity excavators, Ecol. Appl., 25, 1016, 10.1890/14-1042.1 Lorenz, 2014 Marra, 2015, A call for full annual cycle research in animal ecology, Biol. Lett., 11, 20150552, 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0552 Martin, 1997 Morrison, 2001, A proposed research emphasis to overcome the limits of wildlife–habitat relationship studies, J. Wildl. Manag., 65, 613, 10.2307/3803012 Mueller, 2009, Scale–sensitive landscape complementation determines habitat suitability for a territorial generalist, Ecography, 32, 345, 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2008.05694.x Mullin, 2002, Barking up the wrong tree: climbing performance of rat snakes and its implications for depredation of avian nests, Can. J. Zool., 80, 591, 10.1139/z02-042 Naef-Daenzer, 2012, 383 Nickley, 2019, Red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) winter roost-site selection in a burned forest stand, Wilson J. Ornithol., 10.1676/1559-4491-131.4.774 Nilsson, 1984, The evolution of nest–site selection among hole–nesting birds : the importance of nest predation and competition, Ornis Scandinavica, 15, 165, 10.2307/3675958 R Core Team, 2018 Ram, K., Wickham, H., 2018. wesanderson: A Wes Anderson Palette Generator. R package version 0.3.6. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=wesanderson. Rodewald, 2005, Habitat use of breeding red–headed woodpeckers on golf courses in Ohio, Wildl. Soc. Bull., 33, 448, 10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[448:HUOBRW]2.0.CO;2 Rose, 2016, Avian response to fire in pine–oak forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park following decades of fire suppression, The Condor, 118, 179, 10.1650/CONDOR-15-85.1 RStudio Team, 2015 Sánchez-Fernández, 2011, Species distribution models that do not incorporate global data misrepresent potential distributions: a case study using Iberian diving beetles, Divers. Distrib., 17, 163, 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00716.x Sayer, 2004, Long-term trends in loblolly pine productivity and stand characteristics in response to thinning and fertilization in the West Gulf region, For. Ecol. Manage., 192, 71, 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.01.006 Schultz, 1997, Loblolly pine, the ecology and culture of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), 713, 494 Sedgwick, 1990, Habitat relationships and nest site characteristics of cavity–nesting birds in cottonwood floodplains, J. Wildl. Manage., 54, 112, 10.2307/3808910 Vaughan, 2003, Improving the quality of distribution models for conservation by addressing shortcomings in the field collection of training data, Conserv. Biol., 17, 1601, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2003.00359.x Venables, 1989 Vierling, 2009, Nest niche partitioning of Lewis’s and red–headed woodpeckers in burned pine forests, Wilson J. Ornithol., 121, 89, 10.1676/07-184.1 Vierling, 2006, Red–headed woodpecker nest–site selection and reproduction in mixed ponderosa pine and aspen woodland following fire, The Condor, 108, 957, 10.1093/condor/108.4.957 Wear, 2002 Wesolowski, 2012, Spatial variation and temporal shifts in habitat use by birds at the European scale, 73 Wickham, H., 2017. tidyverse: Easily Install and Load the 'Tidyverse'. R package version 1.2.1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tidyverse.