Spanish Language Use Across Generations and Depressive Symptoms Among US Latinos

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 50 - Trang 61-71 - 2018
Julia B. Ward1,2, Anissa I. Vines1, Mary N. Haan3, Lindsay Fernández-Rhodes1,2, Erline Miller1, Allison E. Aiello1,2
1Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
2Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
3Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA

Tóm tắt

Acculturation markers, such as language use, have been associated with Latino depression. Language use may change between generations; however, few studies have collected intergenerational data to assess how language differences between generations impact depression. Using the Niños Lifestyle and Diabetes Study (2013–2014), we assessed how changes in Spanish language use across two generations of Mexican-origin participants in Sacramento, California, influenced offspring depressive symptoms (N = 603). High depressive symptoms were defined as CESD-10 scores ≥ 10. We used log-binomial and linear-binomial models to calculate prevalence ratios and differences, respectively, for depressive symptoms by language use, adjusting for identified confounders and within-family clustering. Decreased Spanish use and stable-equal English/Spanish use across generations protected against depressive symptoms, compared to stable-high Spanish use. Stable-low Spanish use was not associated with fewer depressive symptoms compared to stable-high Spanish use. Exposure to multiple languages cross-generationally may improve resource access and social networks that protect against depression.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Siegel JM, Aneshensel CS, Taub B et al (1998) Adolescent depressed mood in a multiethnic sample. J Youth Adolesc 27:413–427 Sadule-Rios N (2012) A review of the literature about depression in late life among Hispanics in the United States. Issues Ment Health Nurs 33:458–468 González HM, Haan MN, Hinton L (2001) Acculturation and the prevalence of depression in older Mexican Americans: baseline results of the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 49:948–953 Behrens K, Del Pozo MA, Großhennig A et al (2015) How much orientation towards the host culture is healthy? Acculturation style as risk enhancement for depressive symptoms in immigrants. Int J Soc Psychiatry 61:498–505 Schwartz SJ, Unger JB, Zamboanga BL, Szapocznik J (2010) Rethinking the concept of acculturation: implications for theory and research. Am Psychol 65:237–251 Walker JL, Ruiz RJ, Chinn JJ et al (2012) Discrimination, acculturation and other predictors of depression among pregnant Hispanic women. Ethn Dis 22:497–503 Hovey JD, Magaña C (2000) Acculturative stress, anxiety, and depression among Mexican immigrant farmworkers in the midwest United States. J Immigr Health 2:119–131 Alegría M, Canino G, Shrout PE et al (2008) Prevalence of mental illness in immigrant and non-immigrant U.S. Latino groups. Am J Psychiatry 165:359–369 Torres L (2010) Predicting levels of Latino depression: acculturation, acculturative stress, and coping. Cult Divers Ethn Minor Psychol 16:256–263 Lorenzo-Blanco EI, Unger JB, Ritt-Olson A et al (2011) Acculturation, gender, depression, and cigarette smoking among U.S. Hispanic youth: the mediating role of perceived discrimination. J Youth Adolesc 40:1519–1533 Perez-Rodriguez MM, Baca-Garcia E, Oquendo MA et al (2014) Relationship between acculturation, discrimination, and suicidal ideation and attempts among US Hispanics in the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry 75:399–407 Polanco-Roman L, Miranda R (2013) Culturally related stress, hopelessness, and vulnerability to depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in emerging adulthood. Behav Ther 44:75–87 Hwang W-C (2006) Acculturative family distancing: theory, research, and clinical practice. Psychotherapy (Chicago) 43:397–409 Schwartz SJ, Unger JB, Zamboanga BL et al (2015) Developmental trajectories of acculturation: links with family functioning and mental health in recent-immigrant Hispanic adolescents. Child Dev 86:726–748 McQueen A, Getz JG, Bray JH (2003) Acculturation, substance use, and deviant behavior: examining separation and family conflict as mediators. Child Dev 74:1737–1750 Tschann JM, Flores E, Marin BV et al (2002) Interparental conflict and risk behaviors among Mexican American adolescents: a cognitive-emotional model. J Abnorm Child Psychol 30:373–385 Alegría M, Mulvaney-Day N, Torres M et al (2007) Prevalence of psychiatric disorders across Latino subgroups in the United States. Am J Public Health 97:68–75 López SR, Nelson Hipke K, Polo AJ et al (2004) Ethnicity, expressed emotion, attributions, and course of schizophrenia: family warmth matters. J Abnorm Psychol 113:428–439 Zayas LH, Bright CL, Álvarez-Sánchez T, Cabassa LJ (2009) Acculturation, familism and mother–daughter relations among suicidal and non-suicidal adolescent Latinas. J Prim Prev 30:351–369 Smokowski PR, Rose RA, Bacallao M (2010) Influence of risk factors and cultural assets on Latino adolescents’ trajectories of self-esteem and internalizing symptoms. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 41:133–155 Schwartz SJ, Unger JB, Baezconde-Garbanati L et al (2015) Longitudinal trajectories of bicultural identity integration in recently immigrated Hispanic adolescents: links with mental health and family functioning. Int J Psychol J Int Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12196 Sadule-Rios N, Tappen R, Williams CL, Rosselli M (2014) Older Hispanics’ explanatory model of depression. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 28:242–249 Suarez L, Ramirez A (1999) Hispanic/Latino health and disease: an overview. In: Huff R, Kline M (eds) Promoting health in multicultural populations: a handbook for practitioners. SAGE Publications, Inc., Thousad Oaks, pp 115–136 Hunt LM, Schneider S, Comer B (2004) Should “acculturation” be a variable in health research? A critical review of research on US Hispanics. Soc Sci Med 59:973–986 Hernan MA, Robins JM (2011) Causal inference. CRC Press, Boca Raton Hernán MA, Taubman SL (2008) Does obesity shorten life? The importance of well-defined interventions to answer causal questions. Int J Obes (London) 32(Suppl 3):S8–S14 Valdez CR, Mills MT, Bohlig AJ, Kaplan D (2013) The role of parental language acculturation in the formation of social capital: differential effects on high-risk children. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 44:334–350 Kam JA, Lazarevic V (2014) The stressful (and not so stressful) nature of language brokering: identifying when brokering functions as a cultural stressor for Latino immigrant children in early adolescence. J Youth Adolesc 43:1994–2011 Koneru VK, Weisman de Mamani AG, Flynn PM, Betancourt H (2007) Acculturation and mental health: current findings and recommendations for future research. Appl Prev Psychol 12:76–96 Nicoladis E, Charbonnier M, Popescu A (2006) Second language/Bilingualism at an early age with emphasis on its impact on early socio-cognitive and socio-emotional development. In: Tremblay RE, Boivin M, Peters RDeV (eds) Encyclopedia on early childhood development. http://www.childencyclopedia.com/second-language/according-experts/second-languagebilingualism-early-age-emphasisits-impact-early. Accessed 23 June 2018 Halle TG, Whittaker JV, Zepeda M et al (2014) The social-emotional development of dual language learners: looking back at existing research and moving forward with purpose. Early Child Res Q 29:734–749 Padilla A (1999) Psychology. In: Fishman JA (ed) Handbook of language and ethnic identity. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 109–121 Vega WA, Zimmerman R, Gil A et al (1993) Acculturative strain theory: its application explaining drug use behavior among Cuban and non-Cuban Hispanic youth. In: De La Rosa M (ed) Drug abuse among minority youth: advances in research and methodology. NIDA, Rockville, pp 144–166 Mulvaney-Day NE, Alegría M, Sribney W (2007) Social cohesion, social support, and health among Latinos in the United States. Soc Sci Med 64:477–495 Radloff LS (1977) The CES-D Scale: a Self-Report Depression Scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1:385–401 Kohout FJ, Berkman LF, Evans DA, Cornoni-Huntley J (1993) Two shorter forms of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression) depression symptoms index. J Aging Health 5:179–193 Andresen EM, Malmgren JA, Carter WB, Patrick DL (1994) Screening for depression in well older adults: evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). Am J Prev Med 10:77–84 Irwin M, Artin KH, Oxman MN (1999) Screening for depression in the older adult: criterion validity of the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Arch Intern Med 159:1701–1704 Robison J, Gruman C, Gaztambide S, Blank K (2002) Screening for depression in middle-aged and older puerto rican primary care patients. J Gerontol A 57:M308–M314 Albrecht SS, Gordon-Larsen P (2014) Socioeconomic gradients in body mass index (BMI) in US immigrants during the transition to adulthood: examining the roles of parental education and intergenerational educational mobility. J Epidemiol Community Health 68:842–848 Ward JB, Feinstein L, Vines AI et al (2017) Perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms among US Latinos: the modifying role of educational attainment. Ethn Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2017.1315378 Spiegelman D, Hertzmark E (2005) Easy SAS calculations for risk or prevalence ratios and differences. Am J Epidemiol 162:199–200 Liang K-Y, Zeger SL (1986) Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika 73:13–22 Wassertheil-Smoller S, Arredondo EM, Cai J et al (2014) Depression, anxiety, antidepressant use, and cardiovascular disease among Hispanic men and women of different national backgrounds: results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Ann Epidemiol 24:822–830 Stuart GW, Minas IH, Klimidis S, O’Connell S (1996) English language ability and mental health service utilisation: a census. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 30:270–277 O’Donnell RM (1989) Functional Disability among the Puerto Rican Elderly. J Aging Health 1:244–264 Portes A, Hao L (2002) The price of uniformity: language, family and personality adjustment in the immigrant second generation. Ethn Racial Stud 25:889–912 Stanton-Salazar RD, Dornbusch SM (1995) Social capital and the reproduction of inequality: information networks among Mexican-origin high school students. Sociol Educ 68:116–135 Romero AJ, Robinson TN, Haydel KF et al (2004) Associations among familism, language preference, and education in Mexican-American mothers and their children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 25:34–40 Zeiders KH, Updegraff KA, Umaña-Taylor AJ et al (2013) Mexican-origin youths’ trajectories of depressive symptoms: the role of familism values. J Adolesc Heal 53:648–654 Romero AJ, Roberts RE (2003) Stress within a bicultural context for adolescents of Mexican descent. Cult Divers Ethn Minor Psychol 9:171–184 Lynch J, Davey Smith G, Harper S, Bainbridge K (2006) Explaining the social gradient in coronary heart disease: comparing relative and absolute risk approaches. J Epidemiol Community Health 60:436–441 Motel S, Patten E (2013) Statistical portrait of Hispanics in the United States, 2011. Pew Hispanic Center, Washington, DC Thomas JL, Jones GN, Scarinci IC et al (2001) The utility of the CES-D as a depression screening measure among low-income women attending primary care clinics. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression. Int J Psychiatry Med 31:25–40 Fechner-Bates S, Coyne JC, Schwenk TL (1994) The relationship of self-reported distress to depressive disorders and other psychopathology. J Consult Clin Psychol 62:550–559 Adler NE, Newman K (2002) Socioeconomic disparities in health: pathways and policies. Health Aff (Millwood) 21:60–76 Laaksonen M, Rahkonen O, Martikainen P, Lahelma E (2005) Socioeconomic position and self-rated health: the contribution of childhood socioeconomic circumstances, adult socioeconomic status, and material resources. Am J Public Health 95:1403–1409