South Georgia microcontinent: Displaced fragment of the southernmost Andes

Alabaster, 1990, Modified Gulf of California model for South Georgia, north Scotia Ridge, and implications for the Rocas Verdes back-arc basin, southern Andes, Geology, 18, 497, 10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<0497:MGOCMF>2.3.CO;2 Allen, 1982, Geologia de la Cordillera Sarmiento, Andes Patagónicos, entre los 51° 00′ y 51° 15 Lat S, Magallanes, Chile, Serv. Nacion. Geol. Mineria Bolet., 38, 1 Andersson, 1907, On the principal results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 10, 723 Andrews-Speed, 1980, The geology of central Isla Hoste, southern Chile: sedimentation, magmatism and tectonics in part of a Mesozoic back-arc basin, Geol. Mag., 117, 339, 10.1017/S001675680003257X Arçtowski, 1901, Exploration of Antarctic Lands, Geogr. J., 17, 150, 10.2307/1775537 Aubouin, 1972, Chaînes luminaires (Andines) at chaînes geosynclinals (Alpines), 3, 438 Barbeau, 2009, U-Pb zircon constraints on the age and provenance of the Rocas Verdes basin fill, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10, 10.1029/2009GC002749 Barbeau, 2009, Detrital-zircon geochronology of the eastern Magallanes foreland basin: Implications for Eocene kinematics of the northern Scotia Arc and Drake Passage, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 489, 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.05.014 Barker, 1977, The opening of Drake Passage, Mar. Geol., 25, 15, 10.1016/0025-3227(77)90045-7 Barker, 1972, The evolution of the Scotia Ridge and Scotia Sea, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., 271, 151, 10.1098/rsta.1972.0005 Barker, 2013, Heat-flow determinations of basement age in small oceanic basins of the southern central Scotia Sea, Geol. Soc. Lond., Spec. Publ., 381, 139, 10.1144/SP381.3 Barth, 1939, Rocks from the Antarctandes and the Southern Antilles, 18 Bell, 1977, The geology of part of an island arc–marginal basin system in southern South Georgia, British Antarctic Surv. Bull., 46, 109 Beniest, 2020, A geological map of the Scotia Sea area constrained by bathymetry, geological data, geophysical data and seismic tomography models from the deep mantle, Earth-Sci. Rev., 210, 103391, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103391 Bruce, 1905, Bathymetric survey of the South Atlantic Ocean and Weddell Sea, Scott. Geogr. Mag., 21, 402 Bruhn, 1978, Field and geochemical data bearing on the development of a Mesozoic volcano-tectonic rift zone and back-arc basin in southernmost South America, Earth Planet, Sci. Lett., 41, 32 Bruhn, 1979, Rock structures formed during back-arc basin deformation in the Andes of Tierra del Fuego, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 90, 998, 10.1130/0016-7606(1979)90<998:RSFDBB>2.0.CO;2 Bucher, 2005, Metamorphic rocks–facies and zones, 402 Burke, 1986, Tectonic escape in the evolution of continental crust, Am. Geophys. Union Geodyn. Series, 14, 41, 10.1029/GD014p0041 Burns, 1980, Further palaeomagnetic confirmation of the Magallanes Orocline, Tectonophysics, 63, 75, 10.1016/0040-1951(80)90108-0 Calderón, 2007, Late Jurassic bimodal magmatism in the northern sea-floor remnant of the Rocas Verdes basin, southern Patagonian Andes, J. Geol. Soc. Lond., 164, 1011, 10.1144/0016-76492006-102 Calderón, 2013, Petrological vestiges of the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous transition from rift to back-arc basin in southernmost Chile: New age and geochemical data from the Capitán Aracena, Carlos III, and Tortuga ophiolitic complexes, Geochem. J., 47, 201, 10.2343/geochemj.2.0235 Caminos, 1981, Reconocimiento geológico de los Andes Fueguinos, 759 Cao, 2018, Structural and petrographic constraints on the stratigraphy of the Lapataia Formation, with implications for the tectonic evolution of the Fuegian Andes, J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 84, 223, 10.1016/j.jsames.2018.04.002 Carey, 1955, The orocline concept in geotectonics, 89, 255 Carey, 1958, A tectonic approach to continental drift, 177 Carter, 2014, Cenozoic tectonic history of the South Georgia microcontient and potential as a barrier to Pacific-Atlantic through flow, Geology, 42, 295, 10.1130/G35091.1 Civile, 2012, Tectonics of the Scotia-Antarctica plate boundary constrained from seismic and seismological data, Tectonophysics, 550–553, 17, 10.1016/j.tecto.2012.05.002 Conference Participants, 1972, Penrose field conference on ophiolites, Geotimes, 17, 24 Craddock, 2011, 33 Craddock, 2019, Detrital zircon provenance of Permo-Carboniferous glacial diamictites across Gondwana, Earth-Sci. Rev., 192, 285, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.01.014 Craw, 1986, Geological observations in the Ross Glacier area, South Georgia, British Antarctic Surv. Bull., 71, 1 Cunningham, 1998, Tectonics and sedimentary environment of the North Scotia Ridge region revealed by side-scan sonar, J. Geol. Soc. Lond., 155, 941, 10.1144/gsjgs.155.6.0941 Cunningham, 1991, The Patagonian Orocline: new paleomagnetic data from the Andean Magmatic Arc in Tierra del Fuego, Chile, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 16061, 10.1029/91JB01498 Curtis, 2011, Geological Map of South Georgia (1:250 000 scale) Curtis, 2010, Andean sinistral transpression and kinematic partitioning in South Georgia, J. Struct. Geol., 32, 464, 10.1016/j.jsg.2010.02.002 Dalziel, 1981, Back-arc extension in the southern Andes: a review and critical reappraisal, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A, 300, 319, 10.1098/rsta.1981.0067 Dalziel, 1979, Progressive deformation and orogenic uplift at the southernmost extremity of the Andes, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 90, 259, 10.1130/0016-7606(1979)90<259:PDAOUA>2.0.CO;2 Dalziel, 1973, Paleomagnetic data from the southernmost Andes and the Antarctandes, 37 Dalziel, 1974, Fossil marginal Basin in the southern Andes, Nature, 250, 291, 10.1038/250291a0 Dalziel, 1974, The southern extremity of the Andes: geology of Isla de los Estados, argentine Tierra del Fuego, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 58, 2502 Dalziel, 1975, Tectonic relations of South Georgia Island to the Southernmost Andes, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 86, 1034, 10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<1034:TROSGI>2.0.CO;2 Dalziel, 2013, A potential barrier to deep Antarctic circumpolar flow until the late Miocene?, Geology, 41, 947, 10.1130/G34352.1 Dalziel, 2013, The Scotia Arc: genesis, evolution, global significance, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 41, 767, 10.1146/annurev-earth-050212-124155 Dalziel, 2019 Darwin, 1844 Darwin, 1845 Dott, 1974, Paleocurrent analysis of severely deformed flysch-type strata – a case study from South Georgia island, J. Sediment. Petrol., 44, 1166 Dott, 2016, Darwin the geologist in southern South America, Earth Sci. History, 35, 303, 10.17704/1944-6178-35.2.303 Dott, 1977, Tectonic and sedimentary significance of cretaceous Tekenika Beds of Tierra del Fuego, Nature, 266, 620, 10.1038/266620a0 Dott, 1982, Relationship of late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic sedimentation to the tectonic evolution of the southernmost Andes and Scotia Arc, 193 Douglas, 1930, Topography and geology of South Georgia, 4 Doyle, 1985, Comments on belemnite fragments from ‘Cumberland Bay type’ sediments, south-Eastern South Georgia, British Antarctic Surv. Bull., 69, 79 Du Toit, 1937 Eagles, 2010, South Georgia and Gondwana’s Pacific margin: lost in translation?, J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 30, 65, 10.1016/j.jsames.2010.04.004 Eagles, 2020, The Skytrain plate and tectonic evolution of Southwest Gondwana since Jurassic times, Nat. Sci. Rep., 10, 19994 Eagles, 2014, Tectonic reconstructions for paleobathymetry in Drake Passage, Tectonophysics, 611, 28, 10.1016/j.tecto.2013.11.021 Eagles, 2005, Tectonic evolution of the west Scotia Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 110 Ferguson, 1915, Geological observations in South Georgia, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, 50, 797, 10.1017/S0080456800017063 Ferguson, 1914, The geology of South Georgia, Geol. Mag., 1, 53, 10.1017/S0016756800137914 Frakes, 1966, Geologic setting of South Georgia Island, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 77, 1463, 10.1130/0016-7606(1966)77[1463:GSOSGI]2.0.CO;2 Galindo-Zaldívar, 2014, Magmatism, structure and age of dove Basin (Antarctica): a key to understanding South Scotia Arc development, Glob. Planet. Chang., 123, 249, 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.11.002 Gansser, 1973, Facts and theories on the Andes, J. Geol. Soc. Lond., 129, 93, 10.1144/gsjgs.129.2.0093 Gregory, 1929, The Geological history of the Atlantic Ocean, Quart. J. Geol. Soc. Lond., 85 Halpern, 1972, Time of folding of the Yahgan Formation and age of the Tekenika beds, southern Chile, South America, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 83, 1881, 10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[1881:TOFOTY]2.0.CO;2 Hawkes, 1962, The Structure of the Scotia Arc, Geol. Mag., 99, 85, 10.1017/S0016756800057162 Heim, 1912, Geologische Beobachtungen über Süd-Georgien, Zeitschr. Gesellsch. Erdkunde zu Berlin, 6, 451 Hervé, 2007, The south Patagonian batholith: 150 my of granite magmatism on a plate margin, Lithos, 97, 373, 10.1016/j.lithos.2007.01.007 Hervé, 2010, SHRIMP chronology of the Magallanes Basin basement, Tierra del Fuego: Cambrian plutonism and Permian high-grade metamorphism, Andean Geol., 37, 253 Holmes, 1929, Radioactivity and Earth Movements, Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, 18, 559, 10.1144/transglas.18.3.559 Holmes, 1965 Holtedahl, 1929, On the Geology and Physiography of some Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Islands, 3 Jefferson, 1981, Fossil wood from South Georgia, British Antarctic Surv. Bull., 54, 57 Katz, 1964, Some new concepts on geosynclinal development and mountain building at the southern end of South America, 4, 241 Katz, 1972, Plate tectonics – Orogenic belts in the Southeast Pacific, Nature, 237, 331, 10.1038/237331a0 Katz, 1966, Geological investigation of the Yahgan Formation (Upper Mesozoic) and associated igneous rocks of Navarino Island, Southern Chile, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 9, 323, 10.1080/00288306.1966.10422818 Kranck, 1932, Geological investigations in the cordillera of Tierra del Fuego, Acta Geograph., 4, 231 Kranck, 1934, The South Antillean Ridge, Bull. Comm. Géol. Finlande, 104, 99 Kurentsova, 2004, The main features of the structure and evolution of the southern part of the Scotia Sea, West Antarctica, Tikhookeanskaya Geol., 5, 25 Lowe, 1982, Sediment gravity flows: II. Depositional models with special reference to the deposits of high-density turbidity currents, J. Sediment. Petrol., 52, 279 Ludwig, 1968, Structure of the argentine continental margin, J. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 52, 2337 Macdonald, 1982, Palaeontology and ichnology of the Cumberland Bay Formation, South Georgia, British Antarctic Surv. Bull., 57, 1 Macdonald, 1986, Proximal to distal sedimentological variation in a linear turbidite trough: implications for the fan model, Sedimentology, 33, 243, 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1986.tb00534.x Macdonald, 1985, Orientation studies of waterlogged wood: a paleocurrent indicator?, J. Sediment. Petrol., 55, 235 Macdonald, 1983, Sediment dispersal patterns in part of a deformed Mesozoic back-arc basin on South Georgia, South Atlantic, J. Sediment. Petrol., 53, 83 Macdonald, 1987, South Georgia Mair, 1983, The Larsen Harbour Formation and associated intrusive rocks of southern South Georgia, British Antarctic Surv. Bull., 52, 87 Mair, 1987, The Geology of South Georgia: VI. Larsen Harbour Formation, British Antarctic Surv. Sci. Rep., 111 Maldonado, 1998, Small ocean basin development along the Scotia-Antarctica plate boundary and in the northern Weddell Sea, Tectonophysics, 296, 371, 10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00153-X Matthews, 1959, Aspects of the geology of the Scotia Arc, Geol. Mag., 96, 425, 10.1017/S0016756800067091 Miller, 1994, An early Cretaceous volcanic arc/marginal basin transition zone, Peninsula Hardy, southernmost Chile, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 63, 33, 10.1016/0377-0273(94)90017-5 Mukasa, 1996, Southernmost Andes and South Georgia Island, North Scotia Ridge: zircon U-Pb and muscovite 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on tectonic evolution of Southwestern Gondwanaland, J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 9, 349, 10.1016/S0895-9811(96)00019-3 Natland, 1974, A system of stages for correlation of Magallanes Basin sediments, Geol. Soc. Am. Memoir, 139, 10.1130/MEM139-p1 Naveira Garabato, 2002, Modification and pathways of Southern Ocean deep waters in the Scotia Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Part 1 Oceanogr. Res. Papers, 49, 681, 10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00071-1 Ogg, 2016, 234 Olivero, 1996, Late Albian inoceramid bivalves from the Andes of Tierra del Fuego; age implications for the closure of the Cretaceous marginal basin, J. Paleontol., 70, 272, 10.1017/S0022336000023349 Olivero, 2001, A review of the geology of the Argentinian Fuegian Andes, J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 14, 175, 10.1016/S0895-9811(01)00016-5 Oreskes, 1999 Pandey, 2010, Geochemistry of the Davis and Aurora banks: possible implications on evolution of the North Scotia Ridge, Mar. Geol., 268, 106, 10.1016/j.margeo.2009.10.025 Pearce, 2014, Composition and evolution of the Ancestral South Sandwich Arc: implications for the flow of deep ocean water and mantle through the Drake Passage Gateway, Glob. Planet. Chang., 123, 298, 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.08.017 Pelto, 2017 Pettigrew, 1981, The geology of Annenkov Island, British Antarctic Surv. Bull., 53, 213 Pettijohn, 1972 Poblete, 2014, The curved Magallanes fold and thrust belt: tectonic insights from a paleomagnetic and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility study, Tectonics, 33, 10.1002/2014TC003555 Poblete, 2016, Late cretaceous – early Eocene counterclockwise rotation of the Fueguian Andes and evolution of the Patagonia-Antarctic Peninsula system, Tectonophysics, 668-669, 15, 10.1016/j.tecto.2015.11.025 Ramos, 2017, The Malvinas (Falkland) Islands revisited: the tectonic evolution of southern Gondwana based on U-Pb and Lu-Hf detrital zircon isotopes in the Paleozoic cover, J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 76, 320, 10.1016/j.jsames.2016.12.013 Redfield, 2007, Escape tectonics and the evolution of Alaska; past present and future, Geology, 35, 1039, 10.1130/G23799A.1 Riley, 2018, The geology, glacial history and bathymetry of the South Scotia Ridge and South Orkney Shelf Riley, 2019, Geochronology and geochemistry of the northern Scotia Sea: a revised interpretation of the North and West Scotia ridge junction, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 518, 136, 10.1016/j.epsl.2019.04.031 Riley, 2020, Magmatism of the Weddell Sea rift system in Antarctica: Implications for the age and mechanism of rifting and early stage Gondwana breakup, Gondwana Res., 79, 185, 10.1016/j.gr.2019.09.014 Rudwick, 2014 Saunders, 1979, Geochemistry of Mesozoic marginal basin floor igneous rocks from southern Chile, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 90, 237, 10.1130/0016-7606(1979)90<237:GOMMBF>2.0.CO;2 Schenke, 2009, The Central Scotia Sea floor–is it a paleo-oceanic plate, a young rifted plate or a paleo-Land Scotia?, Ukrain. Antarctic J., 8, 36 Schuchert, 1932, Gondwana Land Bridges, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 43, 875, 10.1130/GSAB-43-875 Schwarz, 2011, The transgressive infill of an inherited–valley system: the Springhill Formation (lower cretaceous) in southern Austral Basin, Argentina, Mar. Pet. Geol., 28, 1218, 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.11.003 Scott, 1966, Sedimentology and dispersal pattern of a Cretaceous flysch sequence, Patagonian Andes, southern Chile, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 50, 70 Şengör, 2004, Phanerozoic analogues of archean oceanic basement fragments, 13 Simpson, 1982, The structure of the South Georgia continental block, 185 Stern, 1980, Geochemistry of Chilean ophiolites: evidence of the compositional evolution of the mantle source of back-arc basin basalts, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 955, 10.1029/JB085iB02p00955 Stern, 2003, Rocas Verdes ophiolite, southernmost South America: remnants of progressive stages of development of oceanic-type crust on a continental margin back-arc basin, 218, 665 Stern, 1992, Age and petrogenesis of the Sarmiento ophiolite complex of southern Chile, J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 6, 97, 10.1016/0895-9811(92)90020-Y Stone, 1980, The Geology of South Georgia: IV. Barff Peninsula and Royal Bay areas, British Antarctic Surv. Sci. Rep., 96 Stone, 1982, Geological observations in the Cooper Bay–Wirik Bay area, South Georgia, British Antarctic Surv. Bull., 51, 43 Stone, 2015, The geological exploration of the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia: a review and bibliography, 1871-2015, British Geol. Surv. Rep. Stone, 2015, Geological exploration of South Atlantic islands and its contributions to the continental drift debate of the early 20th century, Proc. Geol. Assoc., 126, 266, 10.1016/j.pgeola.2015.01.001 Stone, 1973, Belemnite fragments from the Cumberland Bay type sediments of South Georgia, British Antarctic Surv. Bull., 36, 129 Storey, 1983, The geology of South Georgia: V. Drygalski Fjord complex, British Antarctic Surv. Sci. Rep., 107 Storey, 1991, Tectonomagmatic controls on Gondwana break-up models: evidence from the proto-Pacific margin of Antarctica, Tectonics, 10, 1274, 10.1029/91TC01122 Storey, 1984, Processes of formation and filling of a Mesozoic back-arc basin on the island of South Georgia, 16, 207 Storey, 1982, The composite floor of the Cretaceous back-arc basin of South Georgia, J. Geol. Soc. Lond., 139, 729, 10.1144/gsjgs.139.6.0729 Storey, 1982, Geochemistry of a Mesozoic island-arc assemblage and ocean-floor basalts from South Georgia, British Antarctic Surv. Bull., 56, 7 Storey, 1977, The occurrence of Mesozoic oceanic floor and ancient continental crust on South Georgia, Geol. Mag., 114, 203, 10.1017/S0016756800044770 Suarez, 1976, An Upper Mesozoic island-arc–back-arc system in the southern Andes and South Georgia, Geol. Mag., 113, 305, 10.1017/S0016756800047592 Suess, 1909, 4 Tanner, 1982, Geologic evolution of South Georgia, 167 Tanner, 1982, Geology of Shag Rocks, part of a continental block on the North Scotia Ridge, and possible regional correlations, British Antarctic Surv. Bull., 51, 125 Tanner, 1989, The flexural-slip mechanism, J. Struct. Geol., 11, 635, 10.1016/0191-8141(89)90001-1 Tanner, 1982, Models for the deposition and simple shear deformation of a turbidite sequence in the South Georgia portion of the southern Andes back-arc basin, J. Geol. Soc. Lond., 139, 739, 10.1144/gsjgs.139.6.0739 Tanner, 1979, Timing of events in an early cretaceous island arc–marginal basin system on South Georgia, Geol. Mag., 116, 167, 10.1017/S0016756800043582 Tanner, 1981, Geology of an Upper Jurrasic–lower cretaceous island-arc assemblage in Hauge Reef, the Pickersgill Islands and adjoining areas of South Georgia, British Antarctic Surv. Bull., 53, 77 Thomson, 1982, Fossil and radiometric evidence for ages of deposition and metamorphism of sedimentary sequences on South Georgia, 177 Torres Carbonell, 2014, Structure and tectonic evolution of the Fuegian Andes (southernmost South America) in the framework of the Scotia Arc development, Glob. Planet. Chang., 123, 174, 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.07.019 Trendall, 1953, The geology of South Georgia: I, 7 Trendall, 1959, The geology of South Georgia: II, 19 Trendall, 2011 Turnbull, 1988, Relationship between the Cumberland Bay and Sandebugten Formations, South Georgia, and some tectonic implications, J. Geol. Soc. Lond., 145, 591, 10.1144/gsjgs.145.4.0591 Tyrrell, 1915, The Petrology of South Georgia, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, 50, 823, 10.1017/S0080456800017087 Tyrrell, 1916, Further notes on the petrography of South Georgia, Geol. Magaz. Decade, 6, 435, 10.1017/S0016756800208091 Tyrrell, 1918, Additional notes on the petrography of South Georgia, Geol. Mag., 483, 10.1017/S0016756800200824 Tyrrell, 1930, The petrography and geology of South Georgia, 28 Tyrrell, 1945, Report on rocks from West Antarctica and the Scotia Arc, Discov. Rep., 23, 37 van de Lagemaat, 2021, 215, 103551 Vérard, 2012, Geodynamic reconstructions of the South America–Antarctica plate system, J. Geodyn., 53, 43, 10.1016/j.jog.2011.07.007 von Bellingshausen, 1831, English translation: Debenham, F. (ed.) 1945, 1 Vuan, 2005, Crustal structure beneath Discovery Bank in the Scotia Sea from group velocity tomography and seismic reflection data, Antarct. Sci., 17, 97, 10.1017/S0954102005002488 Wegener, 1929 Wilckens, 1932, Fossilien und gesteine von Süd Georgien, 8 Wilckens, 1933, Der Südantillen-Bogen, Geol. Rundsch., 24, 320, 10.1007/BF01809731 Wilckens, 1937, Geologische Ergebnisse der Deutschen Süd Georgien expedition Dr Kohl-Larsen 1928–29, Geol. Rundsch., 28, 127 Winn, 1978, Upper Mesozoic flysch of Tierra del Fuego and South Georgia Island: a sedimentological approach to lithosphere plate restoration, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 89, 533, 10.1130/0016-7606(1978)89<533:UMFOTD>2.0.CO;2 Wordie, 1921, Shackleton Antarctic Expedition 1914-1917: geological observations in the Weddell Sea area, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, 53, 17, 10.1017/S0080456800004531