Some aspects of the transfer of atmospheric trace constituents past the air-sea interface

Adam, 1970 Adam, 1970 Beadle, 1976, Precipitation Scavenging — 1974 Bowen, 1960, Strontium90 in the “mixed-layer” of the Atlantic Ocean, Nature, 186, 71, 10.1038/186071a0 Brimblecombe, 1972, Rate of solution of gaseous sulphur dioxide at atmospheric concentrations, Nature, 236, 225, 10.1038/236225a0 Brock, 1970, Attachment of trace substances on atmospheric aerosols, 236 Brocks, 1972, The hydrodynamic roughness of the sea surface, Stud. phys. Oceanogr., 1, 75 Broecker, 1965, An application of natural radon to problems in ocean circulation, 116 Broecker, 1974, Gas exchange rates between air and sea, Tellus, 26, 21, 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01948.x Broecker W. S. (1976) Personal communication. Browning, 1976, Airflow and hail growth in supercell storms and some implications for hail suppression, Q. Jl. R. met. Soc., 102, 499, 10.1002/qj.49710243303 Brutsaert, 1975, The roughness length for water vapor, sensible heat, and other scalars, J. atmos. Sci., 32, 2028, 10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<2029:TRLFWV>2.0.CO;2 Businger, 1972, Turbulent transfer in the atmospheric surface layer Calder, I961, Atmospheric diffusion of paniculate matter considered as a boundary value problem, J. appl. Met., 12, 413 Cambray, 1973, Radioactive Fallout in Air and Rain : Results to the Middle of 1973 Caporaloni, 1975, Transfer of particles in nonisotropic air turbulence, J. atmos. Sci., 32, 565, 10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<0565:TOPINA>2.0.CO;2 Cawse, 1974, A Survey of Atmospheric Trace Elements in the United Kingdon Cawse P. A. (1976) Personal communication. Chamberlain, 1960, Aspects of the deposition of radioactive and other gases and particles, Int. J. Air Pollut., 3, 63 Corrsin, 1974, Limitations of gradient transport models in random walks and in turbulence, Adv. Geophys., 18A, 25 Cox, 1955, Some problems in optical oceanography, J. marit. Res., 14, 63 Crooks, 1960 Dana M. T. (1976) Personal communication. Dana, 1975, Rain scavenging of SO2 and sulfate from power plant plumes, J. geophys. Res., 80, 4119, 10.1029/JC080i030p04119 Danckwerts, 1951, Significance of liquid-film coefficients in gas adsorption, Ind. Engng Chem., 43, 1460, 10.1021/ie50498a055 Dawson, 1972, Mass transfer at rough surfaces, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 15, 1317, 10.1016/0017-9310(72)90015-4 Deacon, 1973, Gcostrophic drag coefficients, Boundary-Layer Met., 5, 321, 10.1007/BF00155240 Dipprey, 1963, Heat and momentum transfer in smooth and rough tubes at various Prandtl numbers, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 6, 329, 10.1016/0017-9310(63)90097-8 Dobson, 1971, Measurements of atmospheric pressure on wind-generated sea waves, J. Fluid Mech., 48, 91, 10.1017/S0022112071001496 Downing, 1955, Some factors affecting the rate of solution of oxygen in water, J. appl. Chem., 5, 570, 10.1002/jctb.5010051008 Dunckel, 1974, Turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and water vapor in the atmospheric surface layer at sea during ATEX, Boundary Layer Met., 7, 363 Dyer, 1974, A review of flux-profile relationships, Boundary-Layer Met., 7, 363, 10.1007/BF00240838 Emerson, 1975, Chemically enhanced CO2 gas exchange in a Eutrophic lake : a general model, Limnol. Oceanogr., 20, 743, 10.4319/lo.1975.20.5.0743 Engelmann, 1968, The calculation of precipitation scavenging, 208 Engelmann, 1966, Washout Coefficients for Selected Gases and Particulates Engelmann, 1976, Atmosphere-surface exchange of paniculate and gaseous pollutants — 1974 Engelmann, 1970, Precipitation Scavenging — 1970 Eriksson, 1965, An account of the major pulses of tritium and their effects in the atmosphere, Tellus, 17, 118, 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1965.tb00201.x Fortescue, 1967, On gas absorption into a turbulent liquid, Chem. Engng Sci., 22, 1163, 10.1016/0009-2509(67)80183-0 Fukuda, 1975, Pb-210 in precipitation in Japan and its implication for the transport of continental aerosols across the ocean, Tellus, 27, 514, 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1975.tb01705.x Garratt, 1973, Momentum, heat and water vapour transfer to and from natural and artificial surfaces, Q. Jl R. Met. Soc., 99, 680, 10.1002/qj.49709942209 Garrett, 1972, Impact of natural and man-made surface films on the properties of the air-sea interface, 75 Gatz, 1966, Deposition of atmospheric paniculate matter by convective storms Gatz, 1976, Scavenging ratio measurements in METROMEX Gatz, 1976, A review of chemical tracer experiments on precipitation systems Gedeonov, 1970, Coefficient of radioactive-aerosol concentration in atmospheric precipitation Gifford, 1976, Turbulent diffusion typing schemes: a review, Nuclear Safety, 17, 68 Gillette, 1972, Measurements of aerosol size distributions and vertical fluxes of aerosols on land subject to wind erosion, J. appl. Met., 11, 977, 10.1175/1520-0450(1972)011<0977:MOASDA>2.0.CO;2 Hales, 1973, Fundamentals of the theory of gas scavenging by rain, Atmospheric Environment, 6, 635, 10.1016/0004-6981(72)90023-6 Hales, 1973, Solubility ofsulfur dioxide in water at low concentrations, Atmospheric Environment, 7, 997, 10.1016/0004-6981(73)90049-8 Hasse, 1974, On the surface to geostrophic wind relationship at sea and the stability dependence of the resistance law, Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 47, 45 Hasselmann, 1973, Measurements of wind-wave growth and swell delay during the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP), Erganzungsheft zur Dtsch. Hydrogr. Zeitschr., Reihe A, Nr. 12. Heines, 1974, The effect of ground level absorption on the dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere, Atmospheric Environment, 8, 1143, 10.1016/0004-6981(74)90048-1 Hicks, 1976, Transfer of SO2 and other reactive gases across the air-sea interface, Tellus, 28, 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1976.tb00683.x Higbie, 1935, The rate of absorption of a pure gas into a still liquid during short periods of exposure, Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs, 35, 365 Hogan, 1976, Physical properties of the atmospheric aerosol Hogan, 1976, Aerosols of the trade wind region, J. appl. Met., 15, 611, 10.1175/1520-0450(1976)015<0611:AOTTWR>2.0.CO;2 Hoover, 1969, Effects of hydration on carbon dioxide exchange across an air-water interface, J. geophys. Res., 74, 456, 10.1029/JB074i002p00456 IITRE, 1974-1976, Aerosol scavenging by snow-laboratory and field results IITRE, 1976, Aerosol scavenging by snow-laboratory and field results Junge, 1963 Junge, 1964, The modification of aerosol size distributions in the atmosphere Junge, 1975, Basic considerations about trace constituents in the atmosphere as related to the fate of global pollutants Kanwisher, 1963, On the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the sea, Deep-Sea Res., 10, 195 Kerker, 1974, Scavenging of aerosol particles by a falling water droplet, J. atwos.Sci., 28, 1211 Kitaigorodskii, 1970 Kojima, 1974, Some characteristics of background aerosols over the Pacific Ocean, J. met. Soc., Jap., 52, 499, 10.2151/jmsj1965.52.6_499 Kojima, 1974, On the volatility of large particles in the urban and oceanic atmosphere, J. met. Soc., Jap., 52, 90, 10.2151/jmsj1965.52.1_90 Lal, 1966, Characteristics of global tropospheric mixing based on man-made C14, H3, and Sr90, J. geophys. Res., 71, 2865, 10.1029/JZ071i012p02865 Lal, 1976 Lamont, 1970, An eddy cell model of mass transfer into the surface of a turbulent liquid, Am.Inst. chem. Engng J., 16, 513, 10.1002/aic.690160403 Lassen, 1960, Basic considerations about trace constituents in the atmosphere as related to the fate of global pollutants Lassen, 1961, Basic considerations about trace constituents in the atmosphere as related to the fate of global pollutants Liss, 1973, Processes of gas exchange across anair-water interface, Deep-Sea Res., 20, 221 Liss, 1975, Chemistry of the sea surface microlayer, Vol. 2, 193 Liss, 1976, Effect of surface films on gas exchange across the air-sea interface, ICES Rapp. Procés Verb. Liss, 1974, Flux of gases across theair-sea interface, Nature, 247, 181, 10.1038/247181a0 Martell, 1974, Tropospheric aerosol residence times: a critical review, J. Rechs. atmos., III, 903 Marwitz, 1972, Precipitation efficiency of thunderstorms on the High Plains, 245 McAlister, 1971, Airborne measurements of the total heat flux from the sea during BOMEX, J. geophys. Res., 76, 4172, 10.1029/JC076i018p04172 Meadows, 1974, The solubility of very low concentrations of carbon monoxide in aqueous solutions, Tellus, 26, 143, 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01960.x Misaki, 1975, Deformation of the size distribution of aerosol particles dispersing from land to ocean, J. met. Soc., Jap., S3, 111, 10.2151/jmsj1965.53.2_111 Möller, 1970, Mechanisms of transport from the atmosphere to the earth's surface, J. geophys. Res., 75, 3013, 10.1029/JC075i015p03013 Munnich, 1963, Der Kreislauf des Radiokohlenstoffs in der Natur, Naturwissenschaften, 50, 211, 10.1007/BF00639268 Munnich, 1971, Meteorology as Related to the Human Environment, WMO-No. 312 Owen, 1963, Heat transfer across rough surfaces, J. Fluid Meek., 15, 321, 10.1017/S0022112063000288 Peirson, 1974, Chemical uniformity of airborne paniculate material, and a maritime effect, Nature, 251, 675, 10.1038/251675a0 Postma, 1970, Effect of solubilities of gases on their scavenging by raindrops, 251, 675 Quinn, 1971, Carbon dioxide exchange at the air-sea interface: Flux augmentation by chemical reaction, J. geophys. Res., 76, 1539, 10.1029/JC076i006p01539 Roth, 1975, Der vertikale Transport van Luftbeimengungen in der Prandtl-Schicht und die Deposition-Velocity, Meteorol. Rdsch., 28, 65 Schumann, 1975 Schooley, 1969, Evaporation in the laboratory and at sea, J. marit. Res., 27, 335 Sehmel, 1973, Particle eddy diffusivitities and deposition velocities for isothermal flow over smooth surfaces, J. Aerosol Sci., 4, 125, 10.1016/0021-8502(73)90064-5 Sehmel, 1974, Particle deposition rates on a water surface as a function of particle diameter and air velocity, J. Rechs atmos., III, 911 Sehmel, 1976, Particle dry deposition velocities, III, 911 Shemdin, 1970, Laboratory Investigation of Wave-Induced Motion Above the Air-Sea Interface, Dept. of Coastal and Oceanogr. Engr. U. of Florida Tcch. Rcpt., 6, 87 Shepherd, 1974, Measurements of the direct deposition of sulphur dioxide onto grass and water by the profile method, Atmospheric Environment, 8, 69, 10.1016/0004-6981(74)90114-0 Sheriff, 1966, Heat transfer and friction properties of surfaces with discrete roughnesses, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 9, 1297, 10.1016/0017-9310(66)90130-X Slater, 1974, The exchange of gases across an air-water interface, 205 Slinn, 1976, Formulation and a solution of the diffusion, deposition, resuspension problem, Atmospheric Environment, 10, 763, 10.1016/0004-6981(76)90077-9 Slinn, 1976, Some approximations for the wet and dry removal of particles and gases from the atmosphere, J. Air Wat. Soil Pollut., 7, 513 Slinn, 1976, Precipitation scavenging: some problems, approximate solutions, and suggestions for future research, 7, 513 Slinn, 1976, Dry deposition and resuspension of aerosol panicles — a new look at some old problems, 7, 513 Slinn, 1973, A re-evaluation of the role of thermophoresis as a mechanism of in- and below-cloud scavenging, J. atmos. Sci., 28, 1465, 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<1465:AROTRO>2.0.CO;2 Snyder, 1974, A field study of wave-induced pressure fluctuations above surface gravity waves, J. Marine Res., 32, 497 Sood, 1972 Starr, 1966, The capture of airborne particles by water drops and simulated snow crystals, Q. Jl R. met. Soc., 92, 490, 10.1002/qj.49709239405 Stavitskaya, 1972, Capture of water-aerosol drops by flat obstacles in the form of star shaped crystals, Izv., Akad. Nauk. Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 8, 768 U.S.A. NAS, 1975 U.S.A. NAS, 1977, Tropospheric Transport of Pollutants to the Oceans Van der Hoven, 1968, Deposition of panicles and gases Vittori, 1967, Scavenging of atmospheric particles by ice crystals, J. atmos. Sci., 24, 533, 10.1175/1520-0469(1967)024<0533:SOAPBI>2.0.CO;2 Volchok, 1971, Oceanic distribution of radionuclides from nuclear explosions Volchok, 1974, Is there excess SR90 fallout in the oceans?, U.S. Health and Safety Laboratory, Rept. No. HASL-286, Vol. I, 82 Waldmann, 1966, Thermophoresis and diffusiophoresis of aerosols, 137 Whitney, 1949, Absorption of sulfur dioxide in water, Chem. Engr. Prog., 45, 323 Yaglom, 1974, Heat and mass transfer between a rough wall and turbulent fluid flow at high Reynolds and Peclet numbers, J. Fluid Mech., 62, 601, 10.1017/S0022112074000838 Young, 1974, The determination of air-sea exchange and oceanic mixing rates using 7Be during BOMEX, J. geophys. Res., 79, 4481, 10.1029/JC079i030p04481 Zimin, 1964, Mechanisms of capture and precipitation of atmospheric contaminants by clouds and precipitatio, 139