Solid fuel smoke exposure and risk of obstructive airways disease
Tóm tắt
This study was designed to investigate whether there is an association between Obstructive Airways Disease (OAD) and indoor exposure to baking home-made bread smoke (BHBS) in ground oven at home. In this hospital-based case–control study, 83 patients with OAD (cases) were compared with 72 patients without any known pulmonary diseases from the surgical ward (controls) who were frequently matched with cases on age. The interview was performed using the modified questionnaire recommended by the "American Thoracic Society". The questionnaire comprised of demographic information, occupational history, cigarette smoking and indoor exposure to BHBS in ground oven at home. The exposure to BHBS was considered both as a dichotomous and quantitative variable (number of years being exposed to smoke) and the population attributable fraction (PAF) was estimated due to BHBS exposure. The percentage of indoor exposure to BHBS was measured as 51.8% and 30.6% in the cases and the controls, respectively. The average years of exposure to BHBS was 20.46 years (SD: 11.60) for the cases and 15.38 years (SD: 13.20) for the controls. The univariate analysis comparing the cases and the controls showed that exposure to BHBS (as a binary variable) and occupational exposure to dust was significantly associated with OAD. In the multivariate model, only exposure to BHBS was associated with OAD (OR=2.22, 95%CI = 1.14-4.35). Duration of exposure to BHBS (as a quantitative variable) was significantly associated with OAD in the univariate model. In the multivariate model, only the duration of exposure to BHBS (years) showed a significant association with OAD (OR=1.04, 95% CI=1.01-1.08). Population attributable risk due to BHBS exposure was equal to 28.5%.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bruce N, Neufeld L, Boy E, West C: Indoor air pollution in developing countries: a major environmental and public health challenge. Bull World Health Organ. 2000, 78: 1078-92.
WHO: The World Health Report 2002: reducing risks, promoting healthy life. 2002, Geneva: World Health Organization
Kurmi OP, Semple S, Simkhada P, Smith WC, Ayres JG: Particulate matter exposure during domestic work in Nepal. Ann Occup Hyg. 2008, 52: 509-17. 10.1093/annhyg/men026.
Smith KR, Mehta S, Feuz M: The 9th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, 30 June- 5 July Monterey. The global burden of diseasefrom indoor air pollution: results from comparative risk assessment. In: Indoor Air 2002. 2002, 10-19.
Von Schirnding Y, Bruce N, Smith KR, Ballard-Tremeer G, Ezzati M, Lvovsky K: Working Group 5 (Improving the Health Outcomes of the Poor), Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. Addressing the impact of household energy and indoor air pollution on the health of the poor implications for policy action and intervention measures. 2002, http://www.cmhealth.org/wg5.htm,
Bruce N, Perez-Padilla R, Albalak R: Indoor biofuel air pollution and respiratory health: the role of confounding factors among women in highland Guatemala. Int J Epidemiol. 1998, 27: 454-8. 10.1093/ije/27.3.454.
Cortez-Lugo M, Moreno-Macias H, Holguin-Molina F, Chow JC, Watson JG, Gutierrez-Avedoy V, Mandujano F, Hernandez-Avila M, Romieu I: Relationship between indoor, outdoor, and personal fine particle concentrations for individuals with COPD and predictors of indoor-outdoor ratio in Mexico city. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2008, 18: 109-15. 10.1038/sj.jes.7500557.
De Blay F: Respiratory diseases related to the indoor environment. Rev Mal Respir. 2009, 26: 573-4. 10.1016/S0761-8425(09)74687-X.
Kolappan C, Subramani R: Association between biomass fuel and pulmonary tuberculosis: a nested case–control study. Thorax. 2009, 64: 705-8. 10.1136/thx.2008.109405.
de Hartog JJ, Ayres JG, Karakatsani A, Analitis A, Brink HT, Hameri K, Harrison R, Katsouyanni K, Kotronarou A, Kavouras I, Meddings C, Pekkanen J, Hoek G: Lung function and indicators of exposure to indoor and outdoor particulate matter among asthma and COPD patients. Occup Environ Med. 2010, 67: 2-10. 10.1136/oem.2008.040857.
WHO: The World Health Report: The global burden of disease: update 2004. 2008, Geneva: World Health Organization
Amoli K: Bronchopulmonary disease in Iranian housewives chronically exposed to indoor smoke. Eur Respir J. 1998, 11: 659-63.
Ferris B: Epidemiology Standardization Project II, American Thoracic Society. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978, 118: 7-53.
Rockhill B, Newman B, Weinberg C: Use and misuse of population attributable fractions. Am J Public Health. 1998, 88: 15-9. 10.2105/AJPH.88.1.15.
Dennis RJ, Maldonado D, Norman S, Baena E, Martinez G: Woodsmoke exposure and risk for obstructive airways disease among women. Chest. 1996, 109: 115-9. 10.1378/chest.109.1.115.
Akhtar T, Ullah Z, Khan MH, Nazli R: Chronic bronchitis in women using solid biomass fuel in rural Peshawar. Pakistan. Chest. 2007, 132: 1472-5.
Liu S, Zhou Y, Wang X, Wang D, Lu J, Zheng J, Zhong N, Ran P: Biomass fuels are the probable risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in rural South China. Thorax. 2007, 62: 889-97. 10.1136/thx.2006.061457.
Liu Y, Lee K, Perez-Padilla R, Hudson NL, Mannino DM: Outdoor and indoor air pollution and COPD-related diseases in high- and low-income countries. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008, 12: 115-27.
Saha A, Rao NM, Kulkarni PK, Majumdar PK, Saiyed HN: Pulmonary function and fuel use: a population survey. Respir Res. 2005, 6: 127-10.1186/1465-9921-6-127.
Kurmi OP, Semple S, Steiner M, Henderson GD, Ayres JG: COPD and chronic bronchitis risk of indoor air pollution from solid fuel: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax. 2010, 65: 221-8. 10.1136/thx.2009.124644.
Ekici A, Ekici M, Kurtipek E, Akin A, Arsalan M, Kara T, Apaydin Z, Demir S: Obstructive airway diseases in women exposed to biomass smoke. Environ Res. 2005, 99: 93-98. 10.1016/j.envres.2005.01.004.
MOHME: The Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) of Iran Report: Burden of indoor air pollution in Iran. 2010
Balmes J, Becklake M, Blanc P, Henneberger P, Kreiss K, Mapp C, Milton D, Schwartz D, Toren K, Viegi G: American Thoracic Society Statement: Occupational contribution to the burden of airway disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003, 167: 787-97.
Ezzati M: Indoor air pollution and health in developing countries. Lancet. 2005, 366: 104-6. 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66845-6.
Galeone C, Pelucchi C, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Bosetti C, Hu J: Indoor air pollution from solid fuel use, chronic lung diseases and lung cancer in Harbin, Northeast China. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2008, 17: 473-8. 10.1097/CEJ.0b013e328305a0b9.
Pandey MR, Regmi HN, Neupane RP, Gautam A, Bhandari DP: Domestic smoke pollution and respiratory function in rural Nepal. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 1985, 10: 471-81.