Soil microbial communities responded to biochar application in temperate soils and slowly metabolized 13C‐labelled biochar as revealed by 13C PLFA analyses: results from a short‐term incubation and pot experiment

European Journal of Soil Science - Tập 65 Số 1 - Trang 40-51 - 2014
Andrea Watzinger1, S. Feichtmair2,1, Barbara Kitzler3, Franz Zehetner2, Stefanie Kloss2,1, Bernhard Wimmer1, Sophie Zechmeister‐Boltenstern2, Gerhard Soja1
1Health and Environment Department Environmental Resources and Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH Konrad‐Lorenz‐Strasse 24 3430 Tulln Austria
2Department of Forestry and Soil Sciences Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Peter Jordan Strasse 82 1190 Vienna Austria
3Department of Forest Ecology and Soil, Institute of Soil Biology Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape Seckendorff‐Gudent‐Weg 8 1131 Vienna Austria

Tóm tắt

SummaryThis study investigates (i) the effect of biochar amendments on soil microbial communities in temperate agricultural soils, (ii) the involvement of microorganisms (MOs) in degradation of biochar and (iii) techniques to quantify degradation of biochar in short‐term experiments. The study involved an incubation experiment and a pot experiment with two arable soils (a sandy acidic Planosol and a calcareous loamy Chernozem) amended with 13C‐depleted biochar from wheat husk and willow plants. Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), 13C‐PLFA, CO2, 13C‐CO2, soil organic carbon (Corg) and 13C‐Corg were monitored for 100 days. Effects of biochar application on the soil microorganisms (MOs) were generally minor. In the incubation experiment, microbial biomass was elevated by wheat husk biochar, especially in the Planosol. The increase in PLFAs was attributed to Gram‐negative bacteria and actinomycetes. Fungi and Gram‐positive bacteria were less affected. In the pot experiment, MOs did not respond to the addition of willow biochar. The effects of biochar were mainly attributed to an increase in the pH of the Planosol. Additionally, MOs were probably less responsive to inorganic fertilizer in biochar‐amended soil. In the incubation, only the actinomycetal PLFA 10Me18:0 incorporated biochar C, while in the pot experiment, Gram‐negative bacterial PLFAs (16:1ω7c, 16:1ω5c, 18:1ω7c) and Me16:0 & i17:1ω8 and i17:0 indicated degradation of biochar after 5 weeks. Uptake of around 20% biochar C in these PLFAs was monitored, which accounts for 2% biochar C in the total microbial biomass. From the PLFA data the mean residence time of biochar carbon was estimated in time‐scales of centuries to millennia. The CO2 concentration decreased after biochar addition until its production was masked by root respiration. The use of 13C‐CO2 labelling to estimate degradation was complicated by the interference with an initial negative priming effect and the dissolution/precipitation of carbonate. In conclusion, soil MOs were not particularly affected by addition of biochar, and the effects recorded were mainly attributed to changing environmental conditions after biochar addition. Nonetheless, uptake of 13C label into microbial PLFAs was successfully used to estimate microbial degradation of biochar in short‐term experiments.

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