Sodium Reduction: How Big Might the Risks and Benefits Be?

Heart, Lung and Circulation - Tập 30 - Trang 180-185 - 2021
Xuejun Yin1, Maoyi Tian1,2, Bruce Neal1,3
1The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
2The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
3Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK

Tài liệu tham khảo

2018, Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017, Lancet, 392, 1736, 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7 2019, Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017, Lancet, 393, 1958, 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30041-8 Roth, 2017, Global, regional, and national burden of cardiovascular diseases for 10 causes, 1990 to 2015, J Am Coll Cardiol, 70, 1, 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.052 Forouhi, 2019, Global diet and health: old questions, fresh evidence, and new horizons, Lancet, 393, 1916, 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30500-8 2015 Brown, 2009, Salt intakes around the world: implications for public health, Int J Epidemiol, 38, 791, 10.1093/ije/dyp139 Oliver, 1975, Blood pressure, sodium intake, and sodium related hormones in the Yanomamo Indians, a "no-salt" culture, Circulation, 52, 146, 10.1161/01.CIR.52.1.146 Lifton, 2001, Molecular mechanisms of human hypertension, Cell, 104, 545, 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00241-0 de Souza Filho, 2018, Cardiovascular risk factors with an emphasis on hypertension in the Mura Indians from Amazonia, BMC Public Health, 18, 1251, 10.1186/s12889-018-6160-8 Edwards, 1976, Blood pressures and electrocardiographic findings in the South Australian Aborigines, Aust N Z J Med, 6, 197, 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1976.tb03654.x Phipps, 2015, Cardio-metabolic health risks in indigenous populations of Southeast Asia and the influence of urbanization, BMC Public Health, 15, 47, 10.1186/s12889-015-1384-3 World Health Organization, 2013 Sacks, 2001, Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the dietary approaches to Stop hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group, NEJM, 344, 3, 10.1056/NEJM200101043440101 Huang, 2020, Effect of dose and duration of reduction in dietary sodium on blood pressure levels: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials, BMJ, 368, m315, 10.1136/bmj.m315 Powles, 2013, Global, regional and national sodium intakes in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis of 24 h urinary sodium excretion and dietary surveys worldwide, BMJ Open, 3, 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003733 Elliott, 2007, 363 Mente, 2018, Urinary sodium excretion, blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and mortality: a community-level prospective epidemiological cohort study, Lancet, 392, 496, 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31376-X Mente, 2014, Association of urinary sodium and potassium excretion with blood pressure, N Engl J Med, 371, 601, 10.1056/NEJMoa1311989 O'Donnell, 2011, Urinary sodium and potassium excretion and risk of cardiovascular events, JAMA, 306, 2229, 10.1001/jama.2011.1729 O'Donnell, 2014, Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events, NEJM, 371, 612, 10.1056/NEJMoa1311889 Mente, 2014, Association of urinary sodium and potassium excretion with blood pressure, NEJM, 371, 601, 10.1056/NEJMoa1311989 Mente, 2016, Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies, Lancet, 388, 465, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30467-6 Ma, 2017, Validation and assessment of three methods to estimate 24-h urinary sodium excretion from spot urine samples in high-risk elder patients of stroke from the rural areas of Shaanxi Province, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 14, 1211, 10.3390/ijerph14101211 Petersen, 2017, Estimating population salt intake in India using spot urine samples, J Hypertens, 35, 2207, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001464 Kawasaki, 1993, A simple method for estimating 24 h urinary sodium and potassium excretion from second morning voiding urine specimen in adults, Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 20, 7, 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1993.tb01496.x Tanaka, 2002, A simple method to estimate populational 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion using a casual urine specimen, J Hum Hypertens, 16, 97, 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001307 Brown, 2013, Estimating 24-hour urinary sodium excretion from casual urinary sodium concentrations in Western populations: the INTERSALT study, Am J Epidemiol, 177, 1180, 10.1093/aje/kwt066 He, 2019, Formulas to estimate dietary sodium intake from spot urine alter sodium-mortality relationship, Hypertension, 74, 572, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13117 1988 Mozaffarian, 2014, Global sodium consumption and death from cardiovascular causes, NEJM, 371, 624, 10.1056/NEJMoa1304127 He, 2013, Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials, Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 346, f1325 World Health Organization, 2013 Christoforou, 2016, State-level and community-level salt reduction initiatives: a systematic review of global programmes and their impact, J Epidemiol Community Health, 70, 1140, 10.1136/jech-2015-206997 2007, Salt substitution: a low-cost strategy for blood pressure control among rural Chinese. A randomized, controlled trial, J Hypertens, 25, 2011, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282b9714b Zhao, 2014, Using a low-sodium, high-potassium salt substitute to reduce blood pressure among Tibetans with high blood pressure: a patient-blinded randomized controlled trial, PloS One, 9, e110131, 10.1371/journal.pone.0110131 Pietinen, 1981, Sodium intake reduction in volunteer families by using a salt substitute and nutrition counselling, Ann Nutr Metab, 25, 371, 10.1159/000176518 Barros, 2015, Impact of light salt substitution for regular salt on blood pressure of hypertensive patients, Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 104, 128 Pan, 2017, Intake of potassium- and magnesium-enriched salt improves functional outcome after stroke: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr, 106, 1267, 10.3945/ajcn.116.148536 Peng, 2014, Effects of salt substitutes on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Am J Clin Nutr, 100, 1448, 10.3945/ajcn.114.089235 Hernandez, 2019, Effect of low-sodium salt substitutes on blood pressure,detected hypertension, stroke and mortality, Heart, 105, 953 Li, 2009, The effects of a reduced-sodium, high-potassium salt substitute on food taste and acceptability in rural northern China, Br J Nutr, 101, 1088, 10.1017/S0007114508042360 Braschi, 2009, Partial substitution of sodium with potassium in white bread: feasibility and bioavailability, Int J Food Sci Nutr, 60, 507, 10.1080/09637480701782118 Saavedra-Garcia, 2015, Applying the triangle taste test to assess differences between low sodium salts and common salt: evidence from Peru, PloS One, 10, e0134700, 10.1371/journal.pone.0134700 Karppanen, 1984, Safety and effects of potassium- and magnesium-containing low sodium salt mixtures, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 6, S236, 10.1097/00005344-198400061-00037 Neal, 2017, Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the Salt Substitute and Stroke Study (SSaSS)—a large-scale cluster randomized controlled trial, Am Heart J, 188, 109, 10.1016/j.ahj.2017.02.033