Social stress, immune functions and disease in rodents

Adamo, 2006, Comparative psychoneuroimmunology: Evidence from the insects, Behav. Cogn. Neurosci. Rev., 5, 128, 10.1177/1534582306289580 Ader, 2006 Ader, 1975, Behaviorally conditioned immuno-suppression, Psychosom. Med., 37, 333, 10.1097/00006842-197507000-00007 Ader, 1991 Ader, 2001 Alexander, 1974, The evolution of social behavior, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 5, 325, 10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.001545 Altmann, 1995, Baboon fertility and social status, Nature, 377, 688, 10.1038/377688a0 Andrews, 1979, The physiology of crowding, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 63, 1, 10.1016/0300-9629(79)90618-2 Antoni, 2006, The influence of bio-behavioural factors on tumour biology: pathways and mechanisms, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 6, 240, 10.1038/nrc1820 Archer, 1988 Austad, 2003, Are mice calorically restricted in nature?, Aging Cell, 2, 201, 10.1046/j.1474-9728.2003.00053.x Avitsur, 2006, Social interactions, stress, and immunity, Neurol. Clin., 24, 483, 10.1016/j.ncl.2006.03.005 Avitsur, 2005, Social stress and the regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion, Brain Behav. Immun., 19, 311, 10.1016/j.bbi.2004.09.005 Avitsur, 2002, Social stress alters splenocyte phenotype and function, J. Neuroimmunol., 132, 66, 10.1016/S0165-5728(02)00310-7 Avitsur, 2002, Social disruption-induced glucocorticoid resistance: kinetics and site specificity, J. Neuroimmunol., 124, 54, 10.1016/S0165-5728(02)00010-3 Avitsur, 2001, Social stress induces glucocorticoid resistance in subordinate animals, Horm. Behav., 39, 247, 10.1006/hbeh.2001.1653 Azpiroz, 2003, Relations between aggressive behavior, immune activity, and disease susceptibility, Agg. Violent Behav., 8, 433, 10.1016/S1359-1789(02)00066-6 Azpiroz, 1994, Fighting experience and natural killer cell activity in male laboratory mice, Agg. Behav., 20, 67, 10.1002/1098-2337(1994)20:1<67::AID-AB2480200108>3.0.CO;2-D Bailey, 2006, Stress induces the translocation of cutaneous and gastrointestinal microflora to secondary lymphoid organs of C57BL/6 mice, J. Neuroimmunol., 171, 29, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.09.008 Barnard, 1997, Immunity costs and behavioural modulation in male laboratory mice (Mus musculus) exposed to the odours of females, Physiol. Behav., 62, 857, 10.1016/S0031-9384(97)00249-7 Barnard, 1996, Environmental enrichment, immunocompetence, and resistance to Babesia microti in male mice, Physiol. Behav., 60, 1223, 10.1016/S0031-9384(96)00174-6 Barnard, 1994, Social behaviour and susceptibility to infection in house mice (Mus musculus): effects of group size, aggressive behaviour and status-related hormonal responses prior to infection on resistance to Babesia microti, Parasitology, 108, 487, 10.1017/S0031182000077349 Barnard, 1993, stress and susceptibility to infection in house mice (Mus musculus): effects of duration of grouping and aggressive behaviour prior to infection on susceptibility to Babesia microti, Parasitology, 107, 183, 10.1017/S0031182000067299 Barnard, 2003, Local variation in helminth burdens of bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) from ecologically similar sites: temporal stability and relationships with hormone concentrations and social behaviour, J. Helminthol., 77, 185, 10.1079/JOH2003194 Barnard, 2003, Local variation in helminth burdens of Egyptian spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus dimidiatus) from ecologically similar sites: relationships with hormone concentrations and social behaviour, J. Helminthol., 77, 197, 10.1079/JOH2003189 Barnett, 1964, Social stress, vol. 3, 170 Barr, 2003, The utility of the non-human primate; model for studying gene by environment interactions in behavioral research, Genes Brain Behav., 2, 336, 10.1046/j.1601-1848.2003.00051.x Bartolomucci, 2007, Psychoneuroimmunology of social factors in rodents and other animals: an updated review Bartolomucci, 2005, Resource loss and stress-related disease: is there a link?, Med. Sci. Monit., 11, RA147 Bartolomucci, 2005, Social factors and individual vulnerability to chronic stress exposure, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 29, 67, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.06.009 Bartolomucci, 2004, Behavioral and physiological characterization of male mice under chronic psychosocial stress, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 899, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2003.08.003 Bartolomucci, 2004, Age at group formation alters behavior and physiology in male but not female CD-1 mice, Physiol. Behav., 82, 425, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.04.011 Bartolomucci, 2003, Chronic psychosocial stress induced down-regulation of immunity depends upon individual factors, J. Neuroimmunol., 151, 58, 10.1016/S0165-5728(03)00220-0 Bartolomucci, 2003, Individual housing induces altered immuno-endocrine responses to psychological stress in male mice, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28, 540, 10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00039-2 Bartolomucci, 2001, Social status in mice: behavioral, endocrine and immune changes are context dependent, Physiol. Behav., 73, 401, 10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00453-X Beden, 1985, The primary immune responses to sheep red blood cells in mice of differing social rank or from individual housing, IRCS Med. Sci., 13, 364 Beitia, 2005, Time-dependent behavioral, neurochemical, and immune consequences of repeated experiences of social defeat stress in male mice and the ameliorative effects of fluoxetine, Brain Behav. Immun., 19, 530, 10.1016/j.bbi.2004.11.002 Bellinger, 2001, Innervation of lymphoid organs-association of nerves with cells of the immune system and their implications in desease, vol. 1, 55 Ben-Eliyahu, 2000, Suppression of NK cell activity and of resistance to metastasis by stress: a role for adrenal catecholamines and beta-adrenoceptors, Neuroimmunomodulation, 8, 154, 10.1159/000054276 Benton, 1980, Comparisons of measures of dominance in the laboratory mouse, Anim. Behav., 28, 1274, 10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80115-1 Benus, 1990, Routine formation and flexibility in social and non-social behaviour of aggressive and non-aggressive male mice, Behaviour, 112, 176, 10.1163/156853990X00185 Benus, 1989, Behavioural strategies of aggressive and non-aggressive male mice in active shock avoidance, Behav. Processes, 20, 1, 10.1016/0376-6357(89)90008-9 Berton, 2006, Essential role of BDNF in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in social defeat stress, Science, 311, 864, 10.1126/science.1120972 Besedovsky, 1996, Immuno-Neuro-Endocrine interactions: facts and hypotheses, Endocr. Rev., 17, 64, 10.1210/edrv-17-1-64 Besedovsky, 1975, Changes in blood hormone levels during the immune response, Proc. Soc. Expr. Biol. Med., 150, 466, 10.3181/00379727-150-39057 Besedovsky, 1986, Immunoregolatory feedback between interleukin-1 and glucocorticoid hormones, Science, 233, 652, 10.1126/science.3014662 Bierhaus, 2003, A mechanism converting psychosocial stress into mononuclear cell activation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 1920, 10.1073/pnas.0438019100 Blanchard, 2002, Effects of social stress on hormones, brain, and behavior, vol. 1, 735 Blanchard, 1995, Visible burrow system as a model of chronic social stress: behavioral and neuroendocrine correlates, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 20, 117, 10.1016/0306-4530(94)E0045-B Blanchard, 2001, Animal models of social stress: effects on behavior and brain neurochemical systems, Physiol. Behav., 73, 261, 10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00449-8 Blanchard, 1977, Aggressive behavior in the rat, Behav. Biol., 21, 197, 10.1016/S0091-6773(77)90308-X Bohus, 2001, Psychoimmunology of social factors in rodents and other subprimate vertebrates, vol. 1, 807 Bohus, 1993, Immunological responses to social stress: dependence on social environment and coping abilities, Neuropsychobiology, 28, 95, 10.1159/000119008 Bohus, 1991, Stress and differential alterations in immune functions: conclusions from social stress studies in animals, Ned. J. Med., 39, 306 Boonstra, 2005, Equipped for life: the adaptive role of the stress axis in male mammals, J. Mammalogy, 86, 236, 10.1644/BHE-001.1 Breder, 1988, Interleukin-1 immunoreactive innervation of the human hypothalamus, Science, 240, 321, 10.1126/science.3258444 Brown, 1995, Effects of housing on male and female rats: crowding stresses males but calms females, Physiol. Behav., 58, 1085, 10.1016/0031-9384(95)02043-8 Cichon, 2002, Delayed effects of cold stress on immune response in laboratory mice, Proc. Biol. Sci., 269, 1493, 10.1098/rspb.2002.2054 Christian, 1970, Social subordination, population density and mammalian evolution, Science, 168, 84, 10.1126/science.168.3927.84 Clausing, 1994, Social isolation modifies the response of mice to experimental Mengo virus infection, J. Exp. Anim. Sci., 36, 37 Clutton-Brok, 2002 Cocke, 1993, Exposure to conspecific alarm chemosignals alters immune responses in BALB/c mice, Brain Behav. Immun., 7, 36, 10.1006/brbi.1993.1004 Conradt, 2003, Group decision-making in animals, Nature, 421, 155, 10.1038/nature01294 Creel, 2001, Social dominance and stress hormones, Trends Ecol. Evol., 16, 491, 10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02227-3 Creel, 2002 Dahlstroem, 1965, Noradrenaline stores in nerve terminals of the spleen: changes during hemorrhagic shock, Science, 147, 1583, 10.1126/science.147.3665.1583 Dallman, 2003, Stress by any other name …?, Horm. Behav., 43, 18, 10.1016/S0018-506X(02)00034-X de Groot, 2002, Social stress in male mice impairs long-term antiviral immunity selectively in wounded subjects, Physiol. Behav., 75, 277, 10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00677-1 de Groot, 1999, A single social defeat transiently suppresses the anti-viral immune responce in mice, J. Neuroimmunol., 95, 143, 10.1016/S0165-5728(99)00005-3 Demas, 2004, Social interactions differentially affect reproductive and immune responses of Siberian hamsters, Physiol. Behav., 83, 73, 10.1016/S0031-9384(04)00337-3 Devonio, 2003, Immunological consequences of the reversal of social status in C57BL76J mice, Brain Behav. Immun., 17, 28, 10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00037-5 Dhabhar, 2002, Stress-induced agmentation of immune function–the role of stress hormones, leukocyte trafficking and cytokines, Brain Behav. Immun., 16, 785, 10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00036-3 Dhabhar, 2001, Bidirectional effects of stress and glucocorticoid hormones on immune function: possible explainations for paradoxical observations, vol. 1, 301 Drummond, 2006, Dominance in vertebrate broods and litters, Quart. Rev. Biol., 81, 3, 10.1086/503922 Edwards, 1980, Antibody response to bovine serum albumine in mice: the effect of psychosocial environmental change, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 164, 478, 10.3181/00379727-164-40899 Elenkov, 1999, Stress hormones, Th1/Th2 patterns, Pro/Anti-inflammatory cytokines and susceptibility to disease, Trends Endocr. Metab., 10, 359, 10.1016/S1043-2760(99)00188-5 Ely, 1978, Neuroendocrine response patterns in dominant and subordinate mice, Horm. Behav., 10, 156, 10.1016/0018-506X(78)90005-3 Engler, 2004, Effects of repeated social stress on leukocyte distribution in bone marrow, peripheral blood and spleen, J. Neuroimmunol., 148, 106, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.11.011 Engler, 2004, Effects of social stress on blood leukocyte distribution: the role of alpha- and beta-adrenergic mechanisms, J. Neuroimmunol., 156, 153, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.08.005 Engler, 2005, Tissue-specific alterations in the glucocorticoid sensitivity of immune cells following repeated social defeat in mice, J. Neuroimmunol., 163, 110, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.03.002 Engler, 2003, Social stress and T cell maturation in male rats: transient and persistent alterations in thymic function, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28, 951, 10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00117-8 Exton, 2001, Conditioning in the rat: an in vivo model to investigate the molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of brain-immune communication, Immunol. Rev., 184, 226, 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1840120.x Fauman, 1987, The relation of dominant and submissive behavior to the humoral immune responce in Balb/c mice, Biol. Psychiatry, 22, 771, 10.1016/0006-3223(87)90211-3 Fernandes, 2000, Immunological stress in rats induces bodily alterations in saline-treated conspecifics, Physiol. Behav., 69, 221, 10.1016/S0031-9384(99)00226-7 Fleshner, 1989, Reduced serum antibodies associated with social defeat in rats, Physiol. Behav., 45, 1183, 10.1016/0031-9384(89)90107-8 Flinn, 2006, Evolution and ontogeny of stress response to social challenges in the human child, Develop. Rev., 26, 138, 10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.003 Fuchs, 2006, Remodeling of neuronal networks by stress, Front. Biosci., 11, 2746, 10.2741/2004 Garland, 2003, Selection experiments: an under-utilized tool in biomechanics and organismal biology, 23 Gilbert, 2001, Evolutionary approaches to psychopathology: the role of natural defences, Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry, 35, 17, 10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00856.x Ginsburg, 1942, Some effect of conditioning on social dominance and subordination in inbred strains of mice, Physiol. Zool., 15, 485, 10.1086/physzool.15.4.30151662 Goehler, 1997, Vagal paragangli bind biotinylated IL-1 antagonist, Brain Res. Bull., 43, 357, 10.1016/S0361-9230(97)00020-8 Gordon, 1998, Behavioral thermoregulatory responses of single- and group-housed mice, Physiol Behav., 65, 255, 10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00148-6 Goldstein, 2000, Allostasis, homeostats, and the nature of stress, Stress, 5, 55, 10.1080/102538902900012345 Gould, 1997, The exaptive excellence of spandrels as a term and prototype, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 10750, 10.1073/pnas.94.20.10750 Gould, 1979, The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 205, 581, 10.1098/rspb.1979.0086 Goymann, 2004, Allostatic load, social status and stress hormones: the cost of social status matter, Anim. Behav., 67, 591, 10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.08.007 Grewal, 1997, Environmental regulation of T-cell function in mice: group housing of males affects accessory cell function, Immunology, 90, 165, 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1997.00190.x Grimm, 1996, Effects of social housing condition and behavior on growth of the shinogi mouse mammary carcinoma, Physiol. Behav., 59, 633, 10.1016/0031-9384(95)02126-4 Gross, 2004, Genetic and environmental factors interact to influence anxiety, Neurotox. Res., 6, 493, 10.1007/BF03033286 Gryazeva, 2001, Changes in various measures of immune status in mice subject to chronic social conflict, Neurosci. Behav. Physiol., 31, 75, 10.1023/A:1026634532698 Haller, 1999, Defeat is a major stressor in males while social instability is stressful mainly in females: towards the development of a social stress model in female rats, Brain Res. Bull., 50, 33, 10.1016/S0361-9230(99)00087-8 Hardy, 1990, Altered T-lymphocyte response following aggressive encounters in mice, Physiol. Behav., 47, 1245, 10.1016/0031-9384(90)90378-H Heise, 2000, The effect of social environment on the immune response of female common voles in matriarchal laboratory groups, Physiol. Behav., 71, 289, 10.1016/S0031-9384(00)00332-2 Hemelrijk, 2005, Individual variation by self-organisation, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 29, 125, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.07.003 Henry, 1977 Hilakivi-Clarke, 1985, Stress influence on development of hepatocellular tumors in transgenic mice overexpressing TGFalfa, Acta Oncologica, 37, 907 Hinson, 2006, Social status does not predict responses to Seoul virus infection or reproductive success among male Norway rats, Brain Behav. Immun., 20, 182, 10.1016/j.bbi.2005.06.003 House, 2001, Social isolation kills, but how and why?, Psychosom. Med., 63, 273, 10.1097/00006842-200103000-00011 Huhman, 2006, Social conflict models: Can they inform us about human psychopathology?, Horm. Behav., 50, 640, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.022 Huntingford, 2004, Implications of domestication and rearing conditions for the behaviour of cultivated fishes, J. Fish Biol., 65, 122, 10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00562.x Jasnow, 2001, Acute and chronic social defeat suppresses humoral immunity of male Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), Horm. Behav., 40, 428, 10.1006/hbeh.2001.1708 Jessop, 1989, Time-dependent effects of isolation on lymphocyte and adrenocortical activity, J. Neuroimmunol., 23, 143, 10.1016/0165-5728(89)90033-7 Johnson, 1996, The biobehavioral consequences of psychogenic stress in a small social primate (Callitrix jacchus jacchus), Biol. Psychiatry, 40, 317, 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00397-5 Kaliste, 2006, Environmental modification and agonistic Behavior in NIH/S male mice: Nesting material enhances fighting but shelters prevent it, Comp. Med., 56, 202 Kaliste-Korhonen, 2000, Fighting in NIH/S mice: consequences for behaviour in resident-intruder test and physiological parameters, Lab. Anim., 34, 189, 10.1258/002367700780457626 Kaplan, 1999, Status, stress, and atherosclerosis: the role of environment and individual behavior, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 896, 145, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08112.x Karp, 1993, Effects of differential housing on the primary and secondary antibody responses of male C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, Brain Behav. Immun., 7, 326, 10.1006/brbi.1993.1032 Karp, 1994, Quantitative differences in Interleukine-2 and interlukine-4 production by antigen-stimulated splenocytes from individually and group-housed mice, Life Sci., 55, 789, 10.1016/0024-3205(94)00562-1 Kaveelaars, 1999, Individual behavioral characteristics of wild-type rats predicts susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Brain Behav. Immun., 13, 279, 10.1006/brbi.1998.0534 Kerr, 2001, Effects of social housing condition on chemotherapeutic efficacy in a Shinogi carcinoma (SC115) mouse tumor model: influences of temporal factors, tumor size, and tumor growth rate, Psychosom. Med., 63, 973, 10.1097/00006842-200111000-00017 Kerr, 1999, Interactive effects of psychosocial stressors and gender on mouse mammary tumor growth, Physiol. Behav., 66, 277, 10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00296-0 Kiecolt-Glaser, 1991, Spousal caregivers of dementia victims: longitudinal changes in immunity and health, Psychosom. Med., 53, 345, 10.1097/00006842-199107000-00001 Kiecolt-Glaser, 1996, Chronic stress alters the immune response to influenza virus vaccine in older adults, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 3043, 10.1073/pnas.93.7.3043 Klareskog, 2006, Mechanisms of disease: Genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers in the development of rheumatoid arthritis, Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol., 2, 425, 10.1038/ncprheum0249 Klein, 1992, Prolonged increase in corticosterone secretion by chronic social stress does not necessarily impair immune functions, Life Sci., 50, 723, 10.1016/0024-3205(92)90475-5 Klein, 2000, Hormones and mating system affect sex and species differences in immune function among vertebrates, Behav. Proc., 51, 149, 10.1016/S0376-6357(00)00125-X Klein, 1999, Social interactions unmask sex differences in humoral immunity in voles, Anim. Behav., 57, 603, 10.1006/anbe.1998.1038 Kondo, 2005, Effects of housing conditions on the development of wet skin lesions in the NOA mouse, Exp. Anim., 54, 149, 10.1538/expanim.54.149 Konsman, 2002, Cytokine-induced sickness behaviour: mechanisms and implications, Trends Neurosci., 25, 154, 10.1016/S0166-2236(00)02088-9 Koolhaas, 1997, Social stress in rats and mice, Acta Physiol. Scand., 161, 69 Koolhaas, 1997, The temporal dynamics of the stress response, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 21, 775, 10.1016/S0149-7634(96)00057-7 Koolhaas, 1999, Coping styles in animals: current status in behavior and stress-physiology, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 23, 925, 10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00026-3 Korte, 2005, The Darwinian concept of stress: benefits of allostasis and costs of allostatic load and the trade-offs in health and disease, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 29, 3, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.08.009 Korte, 2001, Corticosteroids in relation to fear, anxiety and psychopathology, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 25, 117, 10.1016/S0149-7634(01)00002-1 Kroes, 2006, Modeling depression: social dominance-submission gene expression patterns in rat neocortex, Neuroscience, 137, 37, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.08.076 Kudryavtseva, 2003, Use of the “partition” test in behavioral and pharmacological experiments, Neurosci. Behav. Physiol., 33, 461, 10.1023/A:1023411217051 Kudryavtseva, 2000, The sensory contact model for the study of aggressive and submissive behaviors in male mice, Agg. Behav., 26, 241, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(2000)26:3<241::AID-AB4>3.0.CO;2-J Kudryavsteva, 1991, A sensory contact model for the study of aggressive and submissive behavior in male mice, Agg. Behav., 17, 285, 10.1002/1098-2337(1991)17:5<285::AID-AB2480170505>3.0.CO;2-P Kudryavsteva, 1998, Behavioral and physiological markers of experimental depression induced by social conflict (DISC), Agg. Behav., 24, 271, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1998)24:4<271::AID-AB3>3.0.CO;2-M Kudryavtseva, 1991, Social model of depression in mice of C57BL/6J strain, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 38, 315, 10.1016/0091-3057(91)90284-9 Kunzl, 2003, Is a wild mammal kept and reared in captivity still a wild animal?, Horm. Behav., 43, 187, 10.1016/S0018-506X(02)00017-X Kusnecov, 2001, Immunological effects of acute versus chronic stress in animals, vol. 2, 265 Landys, 2006, Actions of glucocorticoids at a seasonal baseline as compared to stress-related levels in the regulation of periodic life processes, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 148, 132, 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.02.013 Lathe, 2004, The individuality of mice, Genes Brain Behav., 3, 317, 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2004.00083.x Laudenslager, 2006, Social dominance and immunity in animals, 475 Li, 2007, Rank in a food competition test and humoral immune functions in male Brandt’s voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii), Physiol. Behav., 90, 490, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.10.009 Lindberg, 2001, Group life, 37 Liu, 2005, Effects of social isolation stress on immune response and survival time of mouse with liver cancer, World J. Gastroenterol., 11, 5902, 10.3748/wjg.v11.i37.5902 Lu, 1999, Influence of psychosocial, psychogenic and neurogenic stressors on several aspects of immune functioning in mice, Stress, 3, 55, 10.3109/10253899909001112 Lupo, 2000, Immune and endocrine aspects of physical and social environmental variations in groups of male rabbits in seminatural conditions, Ethol. Ecol. Evol., 12, 281, 10.1080/08927014.2000.9522801 Lyons, 1999, Separation induced changes in squirrel monkey hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal physiology resemble aspects of hypercortisolism in humans, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 24, 131, 10.1016/S0306-4530(98)00065-1 Lyte, 1990, Examination of the neuroendocrine basis for the social conflict-induced enhancement of immunity in mice, Physiol. Behav., 48, 685, 10.1016/0031-9384(90)90212-M Manning, 1998 Mathers, 2006, Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030, PLoS Med., 3, e442, 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442 Martinez, 2002, Mapping brain responses to social stress in rodents with c-fos expression: a review, Stress, 5, 3, 10.1080/102538902900012369 Martinez, 1998, Social defeat and subordination as a model of social stress in laboratory rodents: a review, Agg. Behav., 24, 241, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1998)24:4<241::AID-AB1>3.0.CO;2-M Martinez-Cue, 2005, Behavioral, cognitive and biochemical responses to different environmental conditions in male Ts65Dn mice, a model of Down syndrome, Behav. Brain Res., 163, 174, 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.04.016 Mason, 1968, A review of psychoendocrine research on the sympathetic–adrenal medullary system, Psychosom. Med., 30, 631, 10.1097/00006842-196809000-00022 Mason, 1968, A review of psychoneuroendocrine research on the pituitary–adrenal cortical system, Psychosom. Med., 30, 576, 10.1097/00006842-196809000-00020 McCarthy, 2005, When is a sex difference not a sex difference?, Front. Neuroendocrinol., 26, 85, 10.1016/j.yfrne.2005.06.001 McEwen, 2000, The neurobiology of stress: from serendipity to clinical relevance, Brain Res., 886, 172, 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02950-4 McEwen, 1998, Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators, New Engl. J. Med., 338, 171, 10.1056/NEJM199801153380307 McEwen, 2003, The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine, Horm. Behav., 43, 2, 10.1016/S0018-506X(02)00024-7 McEwen, 1997, The role of adrenocorticoids as modulators of the immune function in health and disease: neural, endocrine and immune interactions, Brain Res. Rev., 23, 79, 10.1016/S0165-0173(96)00012-4 McGuire, 1998 Meagher, 2006, Social stress alters the severity of a virally mediated model of multiple sclerosis, 1107 Meehan, 1981, Social stress and the role of attachment behavior in modifying aggression, 209 Meerlo, 2002, The effect of social defeat and other stressors on the expression of circadian rhythms, Stress, 5, 15, 10.1080/102538902900012323 Mendl, 2001, Living in groups: an evolutionary perspective, 7 Merlot, 2004, Immune alterations induced by social defeat do not alter the course of an on-going BCG infection in mice, Neuroimmunomodulation, 11, 414, 10.1159/000080152 Merlot, 2004, The rank assessed in a food competition test influences subsequent reactivity to immune and social challenges in mice, Brain Behav. Immun., 18, 468, 10.1016/j.bbi.2003.11.007 Merlot, 2003, Importance of fighting in the immune effects of social defeat, Physiol. Behav., 80, 351, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2003.08.005 Miczek, 1979, A new test for aggression in rats without aversive stimulation: differential effects of d-amphetamine and cocaine, Psychopharmacology, 60, 253, 10.1007/BF00426664 Moles, 2006, Psychosocial stress affects energy balance in mice: modulation by social status, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, 23, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.01.004 Morgulis, 2004, Cohabitation with a sick cage mate: consequences on behavior and on ehrlich tumor growth, Neuroimmunomodulation, 11, 49, 10.1159/000072969 Mosmann, 1989, Th1 and Th2 cells: different pattern of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties, Ann. Rev. Immunol., 7, 145, 10.1146/annurev.iy.07.040189.001045 Muscettola, 2003, IFN-gamma production in rabbits: behavioral and endocrine correlates, Life Sci., 72, 1331, 10.1016/S0024-3205(02)02378-0 Nakano, 2004, Stress-induced modulation of skin immune function: two types of antigen-presenting cells in the epidermis are differentially regulated by chronic stress, Br. J. Dermatol., 151, 50, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.05980.x Nakamura, 1990, Effect of food-restriction stress on immune response in mice, J. Neuroimmunol., 30, 23, 10.1016/0165-5728(90)90049-S Neveu, 1997, Behavior, stress and immune functions, 373 Padgett, 1998, Social stress and the reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus type 1, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 7231, 10.1073/pnas.95.12.7231 Palanza, 2001, Animal models for anxiety and depression: how are female different?, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 25, 219, 10.1016/S0149-7634(01)00010-0 Parmigiani, 1999, Selection, evolution of behavior and animal models in behavioral neuroscience, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 23, 957, 10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00029-9 Plata-Salaman, 1999, Cytokine interactions and cytokine balance in the brain: relevance to neurology and psychiatry, Mol. Psychiatry, 4, 303, 10.1038/sj.mp.4000528 Plata-Salaman, 1988, Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 beta: suppression of food intake by direct action in the central nervous system, Brain Res., 448, 106, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)91106-7 Pruett, 2001, Quantitative modeling of suppression of IgG1, IgG2a, IL-2 and IL-4 responses to antigen in mice treated with exogenous corticosterone or restraint stress, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 62, 175, 10.1080/009841001458299 Quan, 2001, Social stress increases the susceptibility to endotoxic shock, J. Neuroimmunol., 115, 36, 10.1016/S0165-5728(01)00273-9 Raab, 1986, Behavioral, Physiological and immunological consequences of social status and aggression in chronically coexisting resident-intruder dyads of male rats, Physiol. Behav., 36, 223, 10.1016/0031-9384(86)90007-7 Rabin, 1999 Razzoli, 2006, Conditioning properties of social subordination in rats: behavioral and biochemical correlates of anxiety, Horm. Behav., 50, 245, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.03.007 Reber, 2007, Adrenal insufficiency and colonic inflammation following a novel chronic psycho-social stress paradigm in mice: implications and mechanisms, Endocrinology, 148, 670, 10.1210/en.2006-0983 Rohde, 2001, The relevance of hierarchies, territories, defeat for depression in humans: hypotheses and clinical predictions, J. Affect. Disord., 65, 221, 10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00219-6 Roitt, 2001 Romagnani, 1997, The Th1/Th2 paradighm, Immunol. Today, 18, 263, 10.1016/S0167-5699(97)80019-9 Ruis, 2001, Adaptation to social isolation, acute and long-term stress responses of growing gilts with different coping characteristics, Physiol. Behav., 73, 541, 10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00548-0 Sachser, 1993, The ability to arrange with conspecifics depends on social experiences around puberty, Physiol. Behav., 53, 539, 10.1016/0031-9384(93)90151-5 Sachser, 1998, Social relationships and the management of stress, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23, 891, 10.1016/S0306-4530(98)00059-6 Sachser, 1993, Coping with new social situations: the role of social rearing in guinea pig, Ethol. Ecol. Evol., 5, 64, 10.1080/08927014.1993.9523114 Sanders, 2001, Neurotreasmitter receptors on lymphocytes and other lymphoid cells, vol. 1, 161 Sapolsky, 2005, The influence of social hierarchy on primate health, Science, 308, 648, 10.1126/science.1106477 Sapolsky, 2004, Social status and health in humans and other animals, Ann. Rev. Anthropol., 33, 393, 10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.144000 Sapolsky, 1998 Sapolsky, 1995, Social Subordinance as a markers of hypercortisolism. Some unexpected subtleties, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 771, 626, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44715.x Sapolsky, 1994, Individual differences and the stress response, Sem. Neurosci., 6, 261, 10.1006/smns.1994.1033 Sapolsky, 1993, Endocrinology alfresco: psychoendocrine studies of wild baboons, Recent Prog. Horm. Res., 48, 437, 10.1016/B978-0-12-571148-7.50020-8 Sapolsky, 1992, Neuroendocrinology of the stress–response, 287 Sapolsky, 2000, How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions, Endocr. Rev., 21, 55, 10.1210/er.21.1.55 Sapolsky, 1997, Hypercortisolism associated with social subordinance or social isolation among wild baboons, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 54, 1137, 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830240097014 Sapolsky, 1987, Interleukine-1 stimulates the secretion of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor, Science, 238, 522, 10.1126/science.2821621 Sapolsky, 1986, The neuroendocrinology of stress and aging: the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis, Endocr. Rev., 7, 284, 10.1210/edrv-7-3-284 Sa-Rocha, 2006, Variations in behavior, innate immunity and host resistance to B16F10 melanoma growth in mice that present social stable hierarchical ranks, Physiol. Behav., 88, 108, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.03.015 Schapiro, 2002, Effects of social manipulations and environmental enrichment on behavior and cell-mediated immune responses in rhesus macaques, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 73, 271, 10.1016/S0091-3057(02)00779-7 Schulkin, 2003, Allostasis: a neural behavioral perspective, Horm. Behav., 43, 21, 10.1016/S0018-506X(02)00035-1 Schuster, 2001, Experimental Chagas disease: the influence of sex and psychoneuroimmunological factors, Prasitol. Res., 87, 994, 10.1007/s004360100474 Scislowska-Czarnecka, 2004, Long-lasting effects of social stress on peritoneal inflammation in some strains of mice, Folia Biol. (Krakow), 52, 97 Selye, 1973, The evolution of the stress concept, Am. Scientist, 61, 692 Sgoifo, 1999, Social stress, autonomic neural activation, and cardiac activity in rats, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 23, 915, 10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00025-1 Sgoifo, 2001, Cardiac autonomic responses to intermittent social conflict in rats, Physiol. Behav., 73, 343, 10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00455-3 Sgoifo, 2002, Intermittent exposure to social defeat and open-field test in rats: acute and long-term effects on ECG, Body temperature and physical activity, Stress, 5, 23, 10.1080/102538902900012387 Shanks, 1994, Influence of change from grouped to individual housing on a T-cell-dependent immune response in mice: antagonism by diazepam, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 47, 497, 10.1016/0091-3057(94)90150-3 Sheridan, 2004, Experimental models of stress and wound healing, World J. Surg., 28, 327, 10.1007/s00268-003-7404-y Sheridan, 2000, Social disruption, immunity, and susceptibility to viral infection. Role of glucocorticoid insensitivity and NGF, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 917, 894, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05455.x Sluyter, 2003, Toward an animal model for antisocial behavior: parallels between mice and humans, Behav. Genet., 33, 563, 10.1023/A:1025730901955 Sluyter, 1996, Aggression in wild house mice: current state of affairs, Behav. Genet., 26, 489, 10.1007/BF02359753 G.F. Solomon, Immune and Nervous System Interactions. The fund for psychoneuroimmunology. (1999) Available from: <www.pnirs.org>. Spritzer, 2006, Social dominance among male meadow voles is inversely related to reproductive success, Ethology, 112, 1027, 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01260.x Stark, 2002, Interleukin-6 and the development of social disruption-induced glucocorticoid resistance, J. Neuroimmunol., 124, 9, 10.1016/S0165-5728(02)00004-8 Stark, 2001, Social stress induces glucocorticoid resistance in macrophages, Am. J. Physiol. Reg. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 280, R1799, 10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.6.R1799 Stefanski, 2001, Social rearing conditions before weaning influence numbers and proportions of blood immune cells in laboratory rats, Dev. Psychobiol., 39, 46, 10.1002/dev.1027 Stefanski, 2000, Social stress in laboratory rats: hormonal responses and immune cell distribution, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25, 389, 10.1016/S0306-4530(99)00066-9 Stefanski, 1998, Social stress in loser rats: opposite immunological effects in submissive and subdominant males, Physiol. Behav., 63, 605, 10.1016/S0031-9384(97)00492-7 Stefanski, 2006, Gender difference in basal and stress levels of peripheral blood leukocytes in laboratory rats, Brain Behav. Immun., 20, 369, 10.1016/j.bbi.2005.11.001 Stefanski, 1999, Social stress, dominance and blood cellular immunity, J. Neuroimmunol., 94, 144, 10.1016/S0165-5728(98)00242-2 Stefanski, 1998, Effects of acute and chronic social stress on blood cellular immunity in rats, Physiol. Behav., 64, 733, 10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00127-9 Stefanski, 1996, Social confrontation and tumor metastasis in rats: defeat and b-adrenergic mechanisms, Physiol. Behav., 60, 277, 10.1016/0031-9384(96)00014-5 Stefanski, 1996, Social confrontation in male guinea pigs: Behavior, experience, and complement activity, Physiol. Behav., 60, 235, 10.1016/0031-9384(95)02269-4 Stefanski, 2005, Pregnancy and social stress in female rats: influences on blood leukocytes and corticosterone concentrations, J. Neuroimmunol., 162, 81, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.01.011 Stefanski, 2003, Social stress affects migration of blood T cells into lymphoid organs, J. Neuroimmunol., 138, 17, 10.1016/S0165-5728(03)00076-6 Stefanski, 2001, Long-term colony housing in Long Evans rats: immunological, hormonal, and behavioral consequences, J. Neuroimmunol., 114, 122, 10.1016/S0165-5728(00)00464-1 Sterling, 1988, Allostasis: a new paradighm to explain arousal pathology, 629 Strange, 2000, Psychosocial stressors and mammary tumor growth: an animal model, Neurotoxicol. Theratol., 22, 89, 10.1016/S0892-0362(99)00049-5 Tamashiro, 2005, Social stress: from rodents to primates, Front. Neuroendocrinol., 26, 27, 10.1016/j.yfrne.2005.03.001 Tewes, 1999, Concepts in psychology, 95 Tewes, 1999, Psychological methods, 114 Thaker, 2006, Chronic stress promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis in a mouse model of ovarian carcinoma, Nat. Med., 12, 939, 10.1038/nm1447 Valzelli, 1973, The “isolation syndrome” in mice, Psychopharmacologia, 31, 305, 10.1007/BF00421275 Van Kampen, 2002, The chronic psychosocial stress paradigm in male tree shrews: evaluation of a novel animal model for depressive disorders, Stress, 5, 37, 10.1080/102538902900012396 Veenema, 2005, The stress response to sensory contact in mice: genotype effect of the stimulus animal, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 550, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.01.003 Veenema, 2004, Basal and stress-induced differences in HPA axis, 5-HT responsiveness, and hippocampal cell proliferation in two mouse lines, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 1018, 255, 10.1196/annals.1296.030 Veenema, 2003, Genetic selection for coping style predicts stressor susceptibility, J. Neuroendocrinol., 15, 256, 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2003.00986.x Vegas, 2004, Behavioral and neurochemical responses in mice bearing tumors submitted to social stress, Behav. Brain Res., 155, 125, 10.1016/j.bbr.2004.04.006 Vekovishcheva, 2000, Co-housing in a stable hierarchical group is not aversive for dominant and subordinate individuals, Neurosci. Behav. Physiol., 30, 1324, 10.1007/BF02463158 Von Holst, 1998, The concept of stress and its relevance for animal behavior, Adv. Study Behav., 27, 1, 10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60362-9 Webster, 2002, Neuroendocrine regulation of immunity, Ann. Rev. Immunol., 20, 125, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.082401.104914 Weinstock, 2005, The potential influence of maternal stress hormones on development and mental health of the offspring, Brain Behav. Immun., 19, 296, 10.1016/j.bbi.2004.09.006 Wu, 2000, Social isolation stress augments angiogenesis induced by colon 26-L5 carcinoma cells in mice, Clin. Exp. Metastasis, 18, 1, 10.1023/A:1026548715669 Wu, 2000, Social isolation stress enhanced liver methastasis of murine colon 26-L5 carcinoma cells by suppressing immune responces in mice, Life Sci., 66, 1827, 10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00506-3 Wybran, 1979, Suggestive evidence for receptors for morphine and methionine-enkephalin on normal human blood T lymphocytes, J. Immunol., 123, 1068, 10.4049/jimmunol.123.3.1068 Yehuda, 2002, Post-traumatic stress disorder, New Engl. J. Med., 346, 108, 10.1056/NEJMra012941 Yortym, 2001, Prenatal transfer of low amounts of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific antibody protects newborn mice against HSV infection during acute maternal stress, Brain Behav. Immun., 18, 15, 10.1016/S0889-1591(03)00115-6