Social network ties before and after retirement: a cohort study
Tóm tắt
Social networks are associated with individual’s health and well-being. Working life offers opportunities to create and maintain social networks, while retirement may change these networks. This study examined how the number of ties in social network changes across the retirement transition. The study population consisted of 2319 participants (84% women, mean age 63.2 years) from the Finnish Retirement and Aging study. Information about social network ties, including the number of ties in the inner, middle and outer circles of the social convoy model, was gathered using annual postal surveys before and after retirement. Three repeat surveys per participant covered the retirement transition and the post-retirement periods. Mean number of network ties was 21.6 before retirement, of which 5.6 were situated in the inner, 6.9 in the middle and 9.1 in the outer circle. The number of ties in the outer circle decreased by 0.67 (95% CI − 0.92, − 0.42) during the retirement transition period, but not during the post-retirement period (0.11, 95% CI − 0.33, 0.12) (interaction period * time, p = 0.006). The pattern of change in these ties did not differ by gender, occupational status, marital status, number of chronic diseases and mental health during the retirement transition period. The number of ties in the inner and middle circles overall did not decrease during these periods. The number of peripheral relationships decreased during the retirement transition but not after that, suggesting that the observed reduction is more likely to be associated with retirement rather than aging.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ajrouch KJ, Blandon AY, Antonucci TC (2005) Social networks among men and women: the effects of age and socioeconomic status. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 60:S311–S317
Antonucci TC (1986) Hierarchical mapping technique. Generations 10:10–12
Antonucci TC, Akiyama H (1987) Social networks in adult life and a preliminary examination of the convoy model. J Gerontol 42:519–527
Antonucci TC, Akiyama H, Takahashi K (2004) Attachment and close relationships across the life span. Attach Hum Dev 6:353–370
Badawy PJ, Schafer MH, Sun H (2019) Relocation and network turnover in later life: how distance moved and functional health are linked to a changing social convoy. Res Aging 41:54–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027518774805
Cornwell B (2015) Social disadvantage and network turnover. J Gerontol Ser B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 70:132–142. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu078
Cornwell B, Schumm LP, Laumann EO et al (2014) Assessment of social network change in a national longitudinal survey. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 69(Suppl 2):S75-82. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu037
Crooks VC, Lubben J, Petitti DB et al (2008) Social network, cognitive function, and dementia incidence among elderly women. Am J Public Health 98:1221–1227. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.115923
Ellwardt L, van Tilburg T, Aartsen M et al (2015) Personal networks and mortality risk in older adults: a twenty-year longitudinal study. PLoS ONE 10:e0116731. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116731
Fischer CS, Beresford L (2015) Changes in support networks in late middle age: the extension of gender and educational differences. J Gerontol Ser B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 70:123–131. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu057
Fletcher JM (2014) Late life transitions and social networks: the case of retirement. Econ Lett 125:459–462
Glass TA, De Leon CF, Bassuk SS, Berkman LF (2006) Social engagement and depressive symptoms in late life: longitudinal findings. J Aging Health 18:604–628
Golden J, Conroy RM, Lawlor BA (2009) Social support network structure in older people: underlying dimensions and association with psychological and physical health. Psychol Health Med 14:280–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548500902730135
Kauppi M, Kawachi I, Batty GDGD et al (2018) Characteristics of social networks and mortality risk: evidence from 2 prospective cohort studies. Am J Epidemiol 187:746–753. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx301
Kauppi M, Prakash KC, Virtanen M et al (2021) Social relationships as predictors of extended employment beyond the pensionable age: a cohort study. Eur J Ageing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-021-00603-z
Leskinen T, Pulakka A, Heinonen OJ et al (2018) Changes in non-occupational sedentary behaviours across the retirement transition: the finnish retirement and aging (FIREA) study. J Epidemiol Commun Health. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-209958
Moen P (2000) A life-course approach to retirement and social integration. In: Pillemer K, Moen P, Wethington E, Glasgow N (eds) Social integration in the second half of life. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 75–107
Pan X, Chee KH (2019) The power of weak ties in preserving cognitive function: a longitudinal study of older Chinese adults. Aging Ment Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.1597015
Patacchini E, Engelhardt GV (2016) Work, retirement, and social networks at older ages. http://crr.bc.edu/working-papers/work-retirement-and-social-networks-at-older-ages/
Sabbath EL, Lubben J, Goldberg M et al (2015) Social engagement across the retirement transition among “young-old” adults in the French GAZEL cohort. Eur J Ageing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-015-0348-x
Sandstrom GM, Dunn EW (2014) Social interactions and well-being: the surprising power of weak ties. Personal Soc Psychol Bull 40:910–922. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214529799
Schwartz E, Litwin H (2018) Social network changes among older Europeans: the role of gender. Eur J Ageing 15:359–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-017-0454-z
Shaw BA, Krause N, Liang J, Bennett J (2007) Tracking changes in social relations throughout late life. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 62:S90–S99
Statistics Finland (2016) Women and men in Finland
Stevens NL, van Tilburg TG (2011) Cohort differences in having and retaining friends in personal networks in later life. J Soc Pers Relat 28:24–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407510386191
Suanet B, Huxhold O (2018) Cohort Difference in age-related trajectories in network size in old age: are networks expanding? J Gerontol Ser B. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx166
Suanet B, van Tilburg T, van Groenou MI (2013) Nonkin in older adults’ personal networks: more important among later cohorts? J Gerontol Ser B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 68:633–643. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbt043
Thomas PA (2012) Trajectories of social engagement and mortality in late life. J Aging Health 24:547–568. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264311432310
van Tilburg T (2003) Consequences of men’s retirement for the continuation of work-related personal relationships. Ageing Int 28:345–358
van Tilburg T (1992) Support networks before and after retirement. J Soc Pers Relat 9:433–445. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407592093006
van Tilburg T, van Groenou M (2003) Network and health changes among older Dutch adults. J Soc Issues 58:697–713. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00041
Wahrendorf M, Ribet C, Zins M et al (2010) Perceived reciprocity in social exchange and health functioning in early old age: prospective findings from the GAZEL study. Aging Ment Health 14:425–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860903483102
Wan W, Antonucci TC (2017) Work-retirement transitions and social relations. Innov Aging 1:984–984. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.3556
Wellman B, Wong RYL, Tindall D, Nazer N (1997) A decade of network change: turnover, persistence and stability in personal communities. Soc Netw 19:27–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8733(96)00289-4
Wrzus C, Hänel M, Wagner J et al (2013) Social network changes and life events across the life span: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 139:53–80. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028601
Zeger SL, Liang KY (1986) Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes. Biometrics 42:121–130