Social climates in community groups: Toward a taxonomy
Tóm tắt
While community groups have often helped people cope with stress, little empirical research has been available to guide their use in prevention or treatment. To partly fill this gap, an empirical taxonomy of community groups was derived from ratings of 41 randomly selected groups on 35 dimensions of Group Structure, function, and Membership Characteristics. Cluster analysis defined five types. By comparison with other associations, Self-Interest (e.g., liberation and minority) groups rated lower in regulations and had members who were newer to the community. Self-Help groups were highly regulated settings providing support, integration, and developmental aids. Their members had few social relations apart from the family. Social Communion groups rated high on the provision of support for members often living without family. Civic Development groups rated highest on dimensions emphasizing personal development for persons with external sources of support and status. Finally, Recreation groups were casual and briefly attended groups. Their members were younger and less often married than those in other associations. Strategies for group referrals may be implied.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abramowitz, C. V. et al. Differential effectiveness of directive and non-directive group therapies as a function of client internal-external control.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1974,42, 849–853.
Anderson, R. T. Voluntary associations in history.American Anthropologist, 1971,73, 209–222.
Blau, Z. S.Old age in a changing society. New York: New Viewpoints, 1973.
Caplan, G.Support systems and community mental health. New York: Behavioral Publications, 1974.
Cobb, S. Social support as a moderation of life stress.Psychosomatic Medicine, 1976,38, 300–314.
Crosbie, P. B., Petroni, P. O., and Stitt, B. G. The dynamics of “corrective” groups.Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 1972,13, 294–302.
Eddy, G. L., and Sinnet, R. Behavior setting utilization by emotionally disturbed college students.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1973,40, 210–216.
Fredrickson, N. Toward a taxonomy of situations.American Psychologist, 1972,27, 114–123.
French, J. R. P., Jr., and Caplan, R. D. Psychological factors in coronary heart disease.Industrial Medicine and Surgery, 1970, 39.
Friedman, M. The passage through college.Social Issues, 1956,12, 13–28.
Galanter, M. The “relief effect”: A sociobiologic model for neurotic distress and large-group therapy. Presented at a panel, Social Science: New Perspectives for Psychiatry, 130th Annual American Psychiatric Association Convention, Toronto, Canada, May 5, 1977.
Kammeyer, I. C. W., and Botton, C. D. Community and family factors related to the use of a family service agency.Journal of Marriage, 1968,30, 488–498.
Kerri, J. N. Anthropological studies of voluntary associations and voluntary action: A review.Journal of Voluntary Action, 1972,1, 43.
Levy, L. H. Self-help groups viewed by mental health professionals: A survey and comments.American Journal of Community Psychology, 1978,6, 305–313.
Lieberman, M., Some limits to research on T groups.Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 1975,II, 2.
Little, K. Voluntary associations and social mobility among West African women.Canadian Journal of African Studies, 1972,6, 275–288.
Lowenthal, M. E., and Haven, C. Interaction and adaptation: Intimacy as a critical variable.American Sociological Review, 1968,33, 20–32.
Moos, R.Evaluating treatment environments: A social ecological approach. New York: Wiley, 1974.
Pace, C. R. The measurement of college environments. In R. Tagiuri and G. H. Litwin (eds.),Organizational climate: Explorations of a concept. Boston: Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1968.
Pace, C. R., and Stern, G. G.: An approach to the measurement of psychological characteristics of college environments.Journal of Educational Psychology, 1958,49, 269–277.
Paul, G. L. Chronic mental patient: Current status—future directions.Psychological Bulletin, 1969,71, 81–94.
Pawlicki, R. E., and Almquist, C. Authoritarianism, locus of control and tolerance of ambiguity as reflected in membership and nonmembership in a women's liberation group.Psychological Reports, 1973,32, 1331–1337.
Pervin, L. A. Performance and satisfaction as a function of individual-environment fit.Psychological Bulletin, 1968,69, 56–68.
Politser, P. E. Network Analysis and the Logic of Social Support. In R. H. Price and P. E. Politser (Eds.),Evaluation and action in the social environment, Academic Press, in press, 1980.
Politser, P. E., and Pattison, E. M. Community groups. In R. H. Price and P. E. Politser (Eds.),Evaluation and action in the social environment, Academic Press, in press, 1980.
Price, R. H., and Moos, R. H. Toward a taxonomy of inpatient treatment environments.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1975,84, 181–188.
Reedy, R. D., and Smith, D. H. Who participates in voluntary action?Journal of Extension, 1973,11, 17.
Sills, D. Voluntary associations: Sociological aspects.International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 16, Macmillan and Free Press, Cambridge, 1968.
Singer et al. Boundary management.Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 1975,II, 2.
Stunkard, A. J. The success of TOPS, a self-help group.Postgraduate medicine, 1972,18, 143–147.
Trice, H. M., and Roman, P. M. Delabeling, relabeling, and Alcoholics Anonymous. Presented to the Section on Medical Sociology, Southern Sociological Society, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1969.
Volkman, R., and Cressly, D. Differential association and the rehabilitation of drug addicts.American Journal of Sociology, 1963,69, 129–142.
Wechsler, H., and Pugh, T. Fit of individual and community characteristics and rates of psychiatric hospitalization.American Journal of Sociology, 1967,73, 331–338.
Yalom, I. D.Theory and practice of group psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books, 1970.