Social Influences Involved in Children's Gambling Behavior
Tóm tắt
Children (N = 130) in grades 4 and 6 from various schools in the Greater Montreal Region completed a questionnaire concerning their gambling behavior and played a computer-simulated roulette game individually (baseline trial & post-test trial) and in groups (same and mixed gender dyads or triads: group trial). The purpose of this design was to measure children's betting behavior (via average wagers) and to determine if any changes in betting occur as a result of playing in groups of two, three, same and/or different gender peers. Results of repeated measures analyses reveal that during individual and group play, males consistently exhibit higher average wagers than females. Average wagers of females and mixed gender groupings appear to be most affected by the group condition. Females were found to increase their average wagers when playing with females and males. Female dyads' wagers increase significantly during group play, indicating they are dramatically affected by the group game. Most changes resulting from group play were generally maintained over a relatively short period of time in the post-test condition. Results are interpreted with respect to the importance of the influence of the peer group on children's gambling behavior. Future directions for research are suggested.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Arcuri, A. F., Lester, D., & Smith, F. O. (1985). Shaping adolescent gambling behavior. Adolescence, 20, 935–938.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. (1963). A comparative test of the status envy, social power, and secondary reinforcement theories of identificatory learning. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 527–534.
Benenson, J. F. (1993). Greater preference among females than males for dyadic interaction in early childhood. Child Development, 64, 544–555.
Benenson, J. F., Apostoleris, N. H., & Parnass, J. (1997). Age and sex differences in dyadic and group interaction. Developmental Psychology, 33, 538–543.
Custer, R. L. (1982). An overview of compulsive gambling. In P. A. Carone, S. F. Yolles, S. N. Kieffer, & L. W. Krinsky (Eds.), Addictive disorders update (pp. 107–124). New York: Human Sciences Press.
Dell, L. J., Ruzicka, M. E., & Palisi, A. T. (1981). Personality and other factors associated with gambling addiction. International Journal of the Addictions, 16, 149–156.
Derevensky, J. L., & Gupta, R. (in press). Youth gambling: A clinical and research perspective. The Electronic Journal of Gambling Issues.
Derevensky, J. L., & Gupta, R. (1996, October). Familial and social influences associated with children's early gambling behavior. Paper presented at the Interprovincial Conference on Problem Gambling, Winnipeg, Canada.
Derevensky, J. L., Gupta, R., & Della-Cioppa, G. (1996). A developmental perspective of gambling behavior in children and adolescents. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12 (1), 49–66.
Derevensky, J. L., Gupta, R., & Émond, M. (1995). Locus of control, video game playing and gambling behavior in children and adolescents. Poster session presented at the American Psychological Association Annual Convention, New York.
Fisher, S. (1993). Gambling and pathological gambling in adolescents. Journal of Gambling Studies, 9 (3), 277–288.
Fisher, S. (1995). The amusement arcade as a social space for adolescents: An empirical study. Journal of Adolescence, 18, 71–86.
Griffiths, M. D. (1989). Gambling in children and adolescents. Journal of Gambling Behavior, 5, 66–83.
Griffiths, M. D. (1990). The acquisition, development, and maintenance of fruit machine gambling in adolescents. Journal of Gambling Studies, 6, 193–204.
Gupta, R. (1994). The relationship between video game playing and gambling behavior in children and adolescents. Master's thesis, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Gupta, R., & Derevensky, J. L. (1998). Adolescent gambling behavior: A prevalence study and examination of the correlates associated with problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 14 (4), 319–345.
Gupta, R., & Derevensky, J. L. (1997). Familial and social influences on juvenile gambling behavior. Journal of Gambling Studies, 13 (3), 179–192.
Gupta, R., & Derevensky, J. L. (1996). The relationship between gambling and video-game playing behaviour in children and adolescents. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12 (4), 375–394.
Huxley, J., & Carroll, D. (1992). A survey of fruit machine gambling in adolescents. Journal of Gambling Studies, 8, 167–179.
Ide-Smith, S. G., & Lea, S. E. (1988). Gambling in young adolescents. Journal of Gambling Behavior, 4 (2), 110–118.
Jacobs, D. F., Marston, A., & Singer, R. (1985). Testing a general theory of addiction: Similarities and differences among alcoholics, pathological gamblers, and overeaters. In J. J. Sanchez-Soza (Ed.), Health and clinical psychology (Vol. 4). Netherlands: Elsevier Science.
Kearney, C. A., & Drabman, R. S. (1992). Risk-taking/gambling-like behavior in preschool children. Journal of Gambling Studies, 8 (3), 287–297.
Ladouceur, R., Boisvert, J. M., Pépin, M., Loranger, M., & Sylvain, C. (1994). Social cost of pathological gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 10 (4), 399–409.
Ladouceur, R., Dubé, D., & Bujold, A. (1994a). Prevalence of pathological gambling and related problems among college students in the Quebec metropolitan area. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 39, 289–293.
Ladouceur, R., Dubé, D., & Bujold, A. (1994b). Gambling among primary school students. Journal of Gambling Studies, 10 (4), 363–370.
Ladouceur, R., & Mayrand, M. (1987). The level of involvement and the timing of betting in gambling. Journal of Psychology, 121, 169–175.
Ladouceur, R., Mayrand, M., & Tourigny, Y. (1987). Risk-taking behavior in gamblers and nongamblers during prolonged exposure. Journal of Gambling Behavior, 3, 115–122.
Ladouceur, R., & Mireault, C. (1988). Gambling behaviors among high school students in the Quebec area. Journal of Gambling Behavior, 4 (1), 3–12.
Ladouceur, R., & Walker, M. (1996). A cognitive perspective on gambling. In P. M. Salkovskis (Ed.), Trends in cognitive behavioural therapies (pp. 89–120). New York: Wiley.
Lesieur, H. R. (1998). Costs and treatment of pathological gambling. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 556, 153–171.
Lesieur, H. R., Cross, J., Frank, M., Welch, M., White, C. M., Rubenstein, G., Moseley, K., & Mark, M. (1991). Gambling and pathological gambling among university students. Addictive Behaviors, 16, 517–527.
Lesieur, H. R., & Klein, R. (1987). Pathological gambling among high school students. Addictive Behaviors, 12, 129–135.
Lesieur, H. R., & Rosenthal, R. J. (1991). Pathological gambling: A review of the literature (prepared for the American Association Task Force on DSM-IV committee on disorders of impulse control not elsewhere classified). Journal of Gambling Studies, 7 (1), 4–39.
Lorenz, V. C., & Shuttlesworth, D. E. (1983). The impact of pathological gambling on the spouse of the gambler. Journal of Community Psychology, 11, 67–76.
Masteller, R., & Masteller, B. (1993). Ceasar's palace for windows [computer software], Irvine, CA: Virgin Games.
Moore, S. M., & Ohtsuka, K. (1997). Gambling activities of young Australians: Developing a model of behaviour. Unpublished Manuscript.
National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago. (February, 1999). Gambling impact and behavior study: Report to the National Gambling Impact Study Commission. Chicago, IL: National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago.
Opie, I., & Opie, P. (1969). Children's games in street and playground. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Powell, G. J., Hardoon, K., Derevensky, J., & Gupta, R. (1999). Gambling and risk taking behavior of University students. Substance Use and Misuse, 34 (8), 1167–1184.
Rosenstein, R. J., & Reutter, R. (1980). Gambling: An adolescent activity. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 1, 180.
Rushton, J. P. (1980). Altruism, socialization, and society. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Santrock, J. W. (1990). Children. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown.
Shaffer, H. J., & Hall, M. M. (1996). Estimating the prevalence of adolescent gambling disorders: A quantitative synthesis and guide toward standard gambling nomenclature. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12 (2), 193–214.
Shaffer, H. J., LaBrie, R., Scanlan, K. M., & Cummings, T. N. (1994). Pathological gambling among adolescents: Massachusetts gambling screen. Journal of Gambling Studies, 10 (4), 339–362.
Smith, J. F., & Abt, V. (1984). Gambling as play. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 474, 122–132.
Staub, E. (1978). Positive social behavior and morality (Vol. 1.). New York: Academic Press.
Stinchfield, R., & Winters, K. C. (1998). Gambling and problem gambling among youth. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 556, 172–185.
Volberg, R. A. (1994). The prevalence and demographics of pathological gamblers: Implications for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 237–241.
Volberg, R. A., & Steadman, H. J. (1988). Refining prevalence estimates of pathological gambling. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 502–505.
Winters, K. C., Bengston, P, Door, D., & Stinchfield, R. (1998). Prevalence and risk factors of problem gambling among college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 12, 127–135.
Winters, K. C., Stinchfield, R., & Fulkerson, J. (1993). Patterns and characteristics of adolescent gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 9, 371–386.
Wynne, H., Smith, G., & Jacobs, D. (1996). Adolescent gambling and problem gambling in Alberta. A report prepared for the Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission. Edmonton, Alberta: Wynne Resources Ltd.