Smooth muscle cell apoptosis in arteriosclerosis

Experimental Gerontology - Tập 36 - Trang 969-987 - 2001
Manuel Mayr1, Qingbo Xu2
1Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rennweg 10, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
2Department of Cardiological Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK

Tài liệu tham khảo

Agarwal, 1998, The p53 network, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 1, 10.1074/jbc.273.1.1 Aoki, 1999, Inhibition of the p53 tumor suppressor gene results in growth of human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Potential role of p53 in regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell growth, Hypertension, 34, 192, 10.1161/01.HYP.34.2.192 Bauriedel, 1998, Apoptosis in restenosis versus stable-angina atherosclerosis: implications for the pathogenesis of restenosis, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 18, 1132, 10.1161/01.ATV.18.7.1132 Bennett, 1998, Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis, Atherosclerosis, 138, 3, 10.1016/S0021-9150(98)00013-6 Bennett, 1995, Apoptosis of human smooth muscle cells derived from normal vessels and coronary atherosclerotic plaques, J. Clin. Invest., 95, 2266, 10.1172/JCI117917 Bennett, 1997, Increased sensitivity of human vascular smooth muscle cells from atherosclerotic plaques to p53-mediated apoptosis, Circ. Res., 81, 591, 10.1161/01.RES.81.4.591 Bennett, 1998, Cell surface trafficking of Fas: a rapid mechanism of p53 mediated apoptosis, Science, 282, 290, 10.1126/science.282.5387.290 Bhagyalakshmi, 1989, Mechanism of shear-induced prostacyclin production in endothelial cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 158, 31, 10.1016/S0006-291X(89)80172-X Björkerud, 1996, Apoptosis is abundant in human atherosclerotic lesions, especially in inflammatory cells (macrophages and T cells), and may contribute to the accumulation of gruel and plaque instability, Am. J. Pathol., 149, 367 Brady, 1998, The pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, Bax, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 30, 647, 10.1016/S1357-2725(98)00006-5 Bryant, 1999, Vascular remodeling in response to altered blood flow is mediated by fibroblast growth factor-2, Circ. Res., 84, 323, 10.1161/01.RES.84.3.323 Bulavin, 1999, Phosphorylation of human p53 by p38 kinase coordinates N-terminal phosphorylation and apoptosis in response to UV radiation, EMBO J., 18, 6845, 10.1093/emboj/18.23.6845 Chan, 2000, Sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis is determined below receptor level in human vascular smooth muscle cells, Circ. Res., 86, 1038, 10.1161/01.RES.86.10.1038 Chao, 2000, p53 transcriptional activity is essential for p53-dependent apoptosis following DNA damage, EMBO J., 19, 4967, 10.1093/emboj/19.18.4967 Davies, 1995, Flow-mediated endothelial mechanotransduction, Physiol. Rev., 75, 519, 10.1152/physrev.1995.75.3.519 DeBlois, 1997, Smooth muscle apoptosis during vascular regression in spontaneously hypertensive rats, Hypertension, 29, 340, 10.1161/01.HYP.29.1.340 Dietrich, 2000, Rapid development of vein graft atheroma in ApoE-deficient mice, Am. J. Pathol., 157, 659, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64576-2 Earnshaw, 1995, Nuclear changes in apoptosis, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 7, 337, 10.1016/0955-0674(95)80088-3 Escargueil-Blanc, 1997, Oxidized LDLs induce massive apoptosis of cultured human endothelial cells through calcium-dependent pathway: prevention by aurintricarboxylic acid, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 17, 331, 10.1161/01.ATV.17.2.331 Geng, 1995, Evidence for apoptosis in advanced human atheroma, Am. J. Pathol., 147, 251 Geng, 1997, Fas is expressed in human atherosclerotic intima and promotes apoptosis of cytokine-primed human vascular smooth muscle cells, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 17, 2200, 10.1161/01.ATV.17.10.2200 Gittenberg-de Groot, 1999, Smooth muscle cell origin and its relation to heterogeneity in development and disease, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 19, 1589, 10.1161/01.ATV.19.7.1589 Granville, 1998, Apoptosis: molecular aspects of cell death and disease, Lab. Invest., 78, 893 Green, 2000, Gone but not forgotten, Nature, 405, 28, 10.1038/35011175 Griendling, 1994, Angiotensin II stimulates NADH and NADPH oxidase activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, Circ. Res., 74, 1141, 10.1161/01.RES.74.6.1141 Griendling, 2000, NAD(P)H oxidase: role in cardiovascular biology and disease, Circ. Res., 86, 494, 10.1161/01.RES.86.5.494 Hamet, 1996, Apoptosis and vascular remodeling in hypertension, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 74, 850, 10.1139/cjpp-74-7-850 Han, 1995, Evidence for apoptosis in human atherogenesis and in a rat vascular injury model, Am. J. Pathol., 147, 267 Haunstetter, 1998, Apoptosis: basic mechanisms and implications for cardiovascular disease, Circ. Res., 82, 1111, 10.1161/01.RES.82.11.1111 Horino, 1998, A monocyte chemotactic factor, S19 ribosomal protein dimer, in phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells, Lab. Invest., 78, 603 Hsieh, 2000, p53, p21(WAF1/CIP1), and MDM2 involvement in proliferation and apoptosis in an in vitro model of conditionally immortalized human vascular smooth muscle cells, Arterioscler. Thomb. Vasc. Biol., 20, 636, 10.1161/01.ATV.20.3.636 Hu, 1997, Discordant activation of stress-activated protein kinases or c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinases in tissues of heat-stressed mice, J. Biol. Chem., 272, 9113, 10.1074/jbc.272.14.9113 Hu, 1999, Inhibition of neointima hyperplasia of mouse vein grafts by locally applied suramin, Circulation, 100, 861, 10.1161/01.CIR.100.8.861 Ihling, 1999, Cystic medial degeneration of the aorta is associated with p53 accumulation, Bax upregulation, apoptotic cell death, and cell proliferation, Heart, 82, 286, 10.1136/hrt.82.3.286 Isner, 1995, Apoptosis in human atherosclerosis and restenosis, Circulation, 91, 2703, 10.1161/01.CIR.91.11.2703 Kaiser, 1997, Lack of hemodynamic forces triggers apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 231, 586, 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6146 Kim, 2000, Apoptosis and regulation of bax and bcl-X proteins during human neonatal vascular remodeling, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 20, 957, 10.1161/01.ATV.20.4.957 Kockx, 1998, Apoptosis in the atherosclerotic plaque, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 18, 1519, 10.1161/01.ATV.18.10.1519 Kockx, 2000, Apoptosis in atherosclerosis: beneficial or detrimental?, Cardiovasc. Res., 45, 736, 10.1016/S0008-6363(99)00235-7 Kockx, 1994, Foam cell replication and smooth muscle cell apoptosis in human saphenous vein grafts, Histopathology, 25, 365, 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1994.tb01355.x Leri, 1998, Stretch-mediated release of angiotensin II induces myocyte apoptosis by activating p53 that enhances the local renin–angiotensin system and decreases the Bcl-2-to-Bax protein ratio in the cell, J. Clin. Invest., 101, 1326, 10.1172/JCI316 Leri, 1999, Insulin-like growth factor-1 induces mdm2 and down-regulates p53, attenuating the myocyte renin–angiotensin system and stretch-mediated apoptosis, Am. J. Pathol., 154, 567, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65302-3 Leszczynski, 1994, Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells: protein kinase C and oncoprotein Bcl-2 are involved in regulation of apoptosis in non-transformed rat vascular smooth muscle cells, Am. J. Pathol., 145, 1265 Leszczynski, 1996, Protein kinase C-alpha regulates proliferation but not apoptosis in rat coronary vascular smooth muscle cells, Life Sci., 58, 599, 10.1016/0024-3205(95)02329-1 Li, 1999, Cyclic strain stress-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase 1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells is regulated by Ras/Rac-MAPK pathways, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 25,273, 10.1074/jbc.274.36.25273 Li, 2000, Ras/Rac-dependent activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases in smooth muscle cells stimulated by cyclic strain stress, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 20, E1, 10.1161/01.ATV.20.3.e1 Mallat, 1999, Shed membrane microparticles with procoagulant potential in human atherosclerotic plaques: a role for apoptosis in plaque thrombogenicity, Circulation, 99, 348, 10.1161/01.CIR.99.3.348 Matsushita, 2000, Transfection of antisense p53 tumor suppressor gene oligodeoxynucleotides into rat carotid artery results in abnormal growth of vascular smooth muscle cells, Circulation, 101, 1447, 10.1161/01.CIR.101.12.1447 Mayr, 2000, Biomechanical stress-induced apoptosis in vein grafts involves p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, FASEB J., 15, 261, 10.1096/fasebj.14.2.261 Mc Carthy, 2000, The regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis, Cardiovasc. Res., 45, 747, 10.1016/S0008-6363(99)00275-8 Meilhac, 1999, Bcl-2 alters the balance between apoptosis and necrosis, but does not prevent cell death induced by oxidized low density lipoproteins, FASEB J., 13, 485, 10.1096/fasebj.13.3.485 Metzler, 2000, Increased expression and activation of stress-activated protein kinases/c-Jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinases in atherosclerotic lesions coincide with p53, Am. J. Pathol., 156, 1875, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65061-4 Milne, 1995, p53 phosphorylated in vitro and in vivo by an ultraviolet radiation-induced protein kinase characteristic of the c-Jun kinase, JNK1, J. Biol. Chem., 270, 5511, 10.1074/jbc.270.10.5511 Miwa, 1998, Caspase 1-independent IL-1β release and inflammation induced by the apoptosis inducer Fas ligand, Nat. Med., 11, 1287, 10.1038/3276 Motwani, 1998, Aortocoronary saphenous vein graft disease: pathogenesis, predisposition, prevention, Circulation, 97, 916, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.9.916 Napoli, 2000, Mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein activates multiple apoptotic signaling pathways in human coronary cells, FASEB J., 14, 1996, 10.1096/fj.99-0986com Nishiura, 1998, S19 ribosomal protein cross-linked dimer causes monocyte-predominant infiltration by means of molecular mimicry to complement C5a, Lab. Invest., 78, 1615 Patrick, 1995, Shear stress and cyclic strain modulation of gene expression in vascular endothelial cells, Blood Purif., 13, 112, 10.1159/000170194 Perlman, 1998, Evidence for the rapid onset of apoptosis in medial smooth muscle cells after balloon injury, Circulation, 95, 981, 10.1161/01.CIR.95.4.981 Peyot, 2000, Extracellular adenosine induces apoptosis of human arterial smooth muscle cells via A2b-purinoceptor, Circ. Res., 86, 76, 10.1161/01.RES.86.1.76 Pollman, 1998, Inhibition of neointimal cell bcl-x expression induces apoptosis and regression of vascular disease, Nat. Med., 4, 222, 10.1038/nm0298-222 Pollman, 1999, Determinants of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis after balloon angioplasty injury: influence of redox state and cell phenotype, Circ. Res., 84, 113, 10.1161/01.RES.84.1.113 Proudfoot, 2000, Apoptosis regulates human vascular calcification in vitro, Circ. Res., 87, 1055, 10.1161/01.RES.87.11.1055 Reznikov, 2000, Clustering of apoptotic cells via bystander killing by peroxides, FASEB J., 14, 1754, 10.1096/fj.99-0890com Ross, 1993, The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s, Nature, 362, 801, 10.1038/362801a0 Rubanyi, 1986, Flow-induced release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, Am. J. Physiol., 250, H1145 Sambrano, 1995, Recognition of oxidatively damaged and apoptotic cells by an oxidised low density lipoprotein receptor on mouse peritoneal macrophages, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., 92, 1396, 10.1073/pnas.92.5.1396 Sata, 1998, Fas ligand gene transfer to the vessel wall inhibits neointima formation and overrides the adenovirus-mediated T-cell response, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., 95, 1213, 10.1073/pnas.95.3.1213 Schecter, 2000, Release of active tissue factor by human arterial smooth muscle cells, Circ. Res., 87, 126, 10.1161/01.RES.87.2.126 Scheidegger, 2000, Differential effects of low density lipoproteins on insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-1 receptor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 26,864, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)61454-7 Scheinman, 1999, p53 gene transfer to the injured rat carotid artery promotes apoptosis, Surgery, 126, 863, 10.1016/S0039-6060(99)70027-9 Shaw, 2000, Natural antibodies with the T15 idiotype may act in atherosclerosis, apoptotic clearance, and protective immunity, J. Clin. Invest., 105, 1731, 10.1172/JCI8472 Siow, 1998, Vitamin C protects human arterial smooth muscle cells against atherogenic lipoproteins: effects of antioxidant vitamins C and E on oxidized LDL-induced adaptive increases in cystine transport and glutathione, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 18, 1662, 10.1161/01.ATV.18.10.1662 Siow, 1999, Vitamin C protects human vascular smooth muscle cells against apoptosis induced by moderately oxidized LDL containing high levels of lipid hydroperoxides, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 19, 2387, 10.1161/01.ATV.19.10.2387 Slomp, 1997, Differentiation, dedifferentiation, and apoptosis of smooth muscle cells during the development of the human ductus arteriosus, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 17, 1003, 10.1161/01.ATV.17.5.1003 Speir, 1994, Potential role of human cytomegalovirus and p53 interaction in coronary restenosis, Science, 265, 391, 10.1126/science.8023160 Stary, 1989, Evolution and progression of atherosclerotic lesions in coronary arteries of children and young adults, Arteriosclerosis, 9, 19 Stead, 2000, Nifedipine induces apoptosis in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells from sponaneously hypertensive rats, Life Sci., 67, 895, 10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00687-1 Steinberg, 1990, Lipoproteins and atherogenesis: current concepts, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 264, 3047, 10.1001/jama.264.23.3047 Tanaka, 1999, Effects of human cytomegalovirus immediated-early proteins on p53-mediated apoptosis in coronary artery smooth muscle cells, Circulation, 99, 1656, 10.1161/01.CIR.99.13.1656 Tedgui, 2000, Smooth muscle cells: another source of tissue factor-containing microparticles in atherothrombosis, Circ. Res., 87, 81, 10.1161/01.RES.87.2.81 Tournier, 2000, Requirement of JNK for stress-induced activation of the cytochrome c-mediated death pathway, Science, 288, 870, 10.1126/science.288.5467.870 Tsai, 1996, Induction of apoptosis by pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate and N-acetylcysteine in vascular smooth muscle cells, J. Biol. Chem., 271, 3667, 10.1074/jbc.271.7.3667 Vega, 1999, Susceptibility to apoptosis measured by myc, bcl-2, and bax expression in arterioles and capillaries of adult spontaneously hypertensive rats, Am. J. Hypertens., 12, 815, 10.1016/S0895-7061(99)00045-X Vinters, 1987, The blood vessel wall as an insulin target tissue, Diabetes Metab., 13, 294 Vlodaver, 1971, Pathologic changes in aortic-coronary arterial saphenous vein grafts, Circulation, 44, 719, 10.1161/01.CIR.44.4.719 Von der Thüsen, 2000, Alteration of carotid atherosclerotic plaque composition in apoE−/− mice by adenoviral transfer of p53, J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol., 32, 328 Wexler, 1996, Coronary artery calcification: pathophysiology, epidemiology, imaging methods, and clinical applications, Circulation, 94, 1175, 10.1161/01.CIR.94.5.1175 Xu, 2000, Biomechanical stress-induced signaling and gene expression in the development of arteriosclerosis, Trends Cardiovasc. Med., 10, 35, 10.1016/S1050-1738(00)00042-6 Xu, 1997, Nitric oxide induces heat-shock protein 70 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells via activation of heat shock factor 1, J. Clin. Invest., 100, 1089, 10.1172/JCI119619 Zhan, 1999, Inhibitory effect of bcl-2 on p53-mediated transactivation following genotoxic stress, Oncogen, 18, 297, 10.1038/sj.onc.1202310 Zhou, 1996, Association between prior cytomegalovirus infection and the risk of restenosis after coronary atherectomy, N. Engl. J. Med., 335, 624, 10.1056/NEJM199608293350903 Zou, 1998, Mouse model of venous bypass graft arteriosclerosis, Am. J. Pathol., 143, 1301, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65675-1 Zou, 2000, Reduced neointima hyperplasia of vein bypass grafts in intercellular adhesion molecule-1-deficient mice, Circ. Res., 86, 434, 10.1161/01.RES.86.4.434