Small Polymeric Toys Placed in Child-Dedicated Chocolate Food Products—Do They Contain Harmful Chemicals? Examination of Quality by Example of Selected VOCs and SVOCs

citation_journal_title=Environ Sci Technol; citation_title=Global historical stocks and emissions of PBDEs; citation_author=G Abbasi, L Li, K Breivik; citation_volume=53; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=6330-6340; citation_doi=10.1021/acs.est.8b07032; citation_id=CR1 citation_journal_title=Mater Des; citation_title=A review on the degradability of polymeric composites based on natural fibres; citation_author=ZN Azwa, BF Yousif, AC Manalo, W Karunasena; citation_volume=47; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=424-442; citation_doi=10.1016/j.matdes.2012.11.025; citation_id=CR2 citation_journal_title=Food Chem; citation_title=Identification of unexpected chemical contaminants in baby food coming from plastic packaging migration by high resolution accurate mass spectrometry; citation_author=A Bauer, F Jesus, MJ Gomez Ramos, A Lozano, AR Fernandez-Alba; citation_volume=295; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=274-288; citation_doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.105; citation_id=CR3 citation_journal_title=Polym Degrad Stabil; citation_title=Controlled pyrolysis of polyethylene/polypropylene/polystyrene mixed plastics with high impact polystyrene containing flame retardant: effect of decabromo diphenylethane (DDE); citation_author=T Bhaskar, WJ Hall, NMM Mitan, A Muto, PT Williams, Y Sakata; citation_volume=92; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=211-221; citation_doi=10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.11.011; citation_id=CR4 citation_journal_title=Environ Int; citation_title=Associations between prenatal and childhood PBDE exposure and early adolescent visual, verbal and working memory; citation_author=WJ Cowell, A Margolis, VA Rauh, A Sjoedin, R Jones, Y Wang, W Garcia, F Pereira, S Wang, JB Herbstman; citation_volume=118; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=9-16; citation_doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.004; citation_id=CR5 citation_journal_title=Chemosphere; citation_title=Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of PBDEs in a terrestrial food chain at an urban landfill; citation_author=HA Currier, KM Fremlin, JE Elliott, KG Drouillard, TD Williams; citation_volume=238; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=124577; citation_doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124577; citation_id=CR6 citation_journal_title=Off J Eur Communities; citation_title=On safety of and toys; citation_author=; citation_volume=L170; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=1-37; citation_id=CR7 Directive 2015/863/EC (2015) Restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances (RoHS) in electrical and electronic equipment citation_journal_title=Chemosphere; citation_title=PBDE serum concentration and preschool maturity of children from Slovakia; citation_author=B Drobna, A Fabisikova, K Conka, F Gago, P Oravcova, S Wimmerova, M Oktapodas Feiler, E Sovcikova; citation_volume=233; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=387-395; citation_doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.284; citation_id=CR8 citation_journal_title=Polym Bull; citation_title=Biodegradation and hydrolysis studies on polypropylene/polylactide/organo-clay nanocomposites; citation_author=H Ebadi-Dehaghani, M Barikani, S Borhani, B Bolvardi, HA Khonakdar, SH Jafari, A Aarabi; citation_volume=73; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=3287-3304; citation_doi=10.1007/s00289-016-1655-x; citation_id=CR9 citation_journal_title=Off J Eur Union; citation_title=Commission regulation No. 10/2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food; citation_author=; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=1-89; citation_id=CR11 citation_journal_title=Environ Res; citation_title=Environmental ototoxicants, a potential new class of chemical stressors; citation_author=L Fabelova, CA Loffredo, J Klanova, K Hilscherova, M Horvat, J Tihanyi, D Richterova, L Palkovicova Murinova, S Wimmerova, R Sisto, A Moleti, T Trnovec; citation_volume=171; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=378-394; citation_doi=10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.042; citation_id=CR12 FASFC, Advice 15–2017. Scientific Committee of the Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain in regard to action levels for chemical contaminants (flame retardants, perfluoralkyl substances, dioxins and dioxin-like PCB and benzene) in foodstuffs) citation_journal_title=Polym Test; citation_title=Interrelationship between total volatile organic compounds emissions, structure and properties of natural rubber/polycaprolactone bio-blends cross-linked with peroxides; citation_author=K Formela, M Marć, S Wang, MR Saeb; citation_volume=60; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=405-412; citation_doi=10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.04.024; citation_id=CR14 citation_journal_title=Environ Sci Process Impacts; citation_title=Evidence of bad recycling practices: BFRs in children’s toys and food-contact articles; citation_author=A Guzzonato, F Puype, SJ Harrad; citation_volume=19; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=956-963; citation_doi=10.1039/C7EM00160F; citation_id=CR15 citation_journal_title=J Phys Chem B; citation_title=Molecular structural changes of plasticized PVC after UV light exposure; citation_author=JM Hankett, WR Collin, Z Chen; citation_volume=117; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=16336-16344; citation_doi=10.1021/jp409254y; citation_id=CR16 citation_journal_title=Environ Int; citation_title=Association of prenatal and childhood PBDE exposure with timing of buberty in boys and girls; citation_author=KG Harley, SA Rauch, J Chevrier, K Kogut, KL Parra, C Trujillo, RH Lustig, LC Greenspan, A Sjoedin, A Bradman, B Eskenazi; citation_volume=100; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=132-138; citation_doi=10.1016/j.envint.2017.01.003; citation_id=CR17 citation_journal_title=Environ Int; citation_title=Exposure to flame retardant chemicals and occurrence and severity of papillary thyroid cancer: a case-control study; citation_author=K Hoffman, A Lorenzo, CM Butt, SC Hammel, BB Henderson, SA Roman, RP Scheri, HM Stapleton, JA Sosa; citation_volume=107; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=235-242; citation_doi=10.1016/j.envint.2017.06.021; citation_id=CR18 citation_journal_title=Environ Int; citation_title=Downsides of the recycling process: harmful organic chemicals in children’s toys; citation_author=AC Ionas, AC Dirtu, T Anthonissen, H Neels, A Covaci; citation_volume=65; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=54-62; citation_doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.12.019; citation_id=CR19 citation_journal_title=Polimery; citation_title=Effect of POSS on morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of polyamide 6; citation_author=R Jeziórska, B Świerz-Motysia, A Szadkowska, B Marciniec, H Maciejewski, M Dutkiewicz, I Leszczyńska; citation_volume=56; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=809-816; citation_doi=10.14314/polimery.2011.809; citation_id=CR20 citation_journal_title=Environ Int; citation_title=Associations of prenatal exposures to low levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) with thyroid hormones in cord plasma and neurobehavioral development in children at 2 and 4 years; citation_author=H Ji, H Liang, Z Wang, M Miao, X Wang, X Zhang, S Wen, A Chen, X Sun, W Yuan; citation_volume=131; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=105010; citation_doi=10.1016/j.envint.2019.105010; citation_id=CR21 citation_journal_title=Sci Total Environ; citation_title=Bioaccumulation behaviour of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a Canadian Arctic marine food web; citation_author=BC Kelly, MG Ikonomou, JD Blair, FAPC Gobas; citation_volume=401; citation_issue=1–3; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=60-72; citation_doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.03.045; citation_id=CR22 citation_journal_title=Food Res Int; citation_title=Environmental impact of chocolate production and consumption in the UK; citation_author=A Konstantas, HK Jeswani, L Stamford, A Azapagic; citation_volume=106; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=1012-1025; citation_doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2018.02.042; citation_id=CR23 citation_journal_title=J Pediatr Urol; citation_title=Fetal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and the risk of hypospadias: focus on the congeners involved; citation_author=G Koren, A Carnevale, J Ling, J Ozsarfati, B Kapur, D Bagli; citation_volume=15; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=e1-e6; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jpurol.2019.05.023; citation_id=CR24 citation_journal_title=Polym Degrad Stabil; citation_title=Identification of antioxidants in polymeric insulating materials by tetrahertz absorption spectroscopy; citation_author=T Kozai, T Kaneko, N Hirai, Y Ohki; citation_volume=147; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=284-290; citation_doi=10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.12.013; citation_id=CR25 citation_journal_title=J Cult Herit; citation_title=What do plastics emit? HS-SPME-GC/MS analyses of new standard plastics and plastic objects in museum collections; citation_author=A Lattuati-Derieux, C Egasse, S Thao-Heu, N Balcar, G Barabant, B Lavédrine; citation_volume=14; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=238-247; citation_doi=10.1016/j.culher.2012.06.005; citation_id=CR26 citation_journal_title=Microchem J; citation_title=An investigation of selected monoaromatic hydrocarbons released from the surface of polystyrene lids used in coffee-to-go cups; citation_author=M Marć, B Zabiegała; citation_volume=133; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=496-505; citation_doi=10.1016/j.microc.2017.04.015; citation_id=CR27 citation_journal_title=Int J Environ Anal Chem; citation_title=Application of passive sampling technique in monitoring research on quality of atmospheric air in the area of Tczew, Poland; citation_author=M Marć, B Zabiegała, J Namieśnik; citation_volume=94; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=151-167; citation_doi=10.1080/03067319.2013.791979; citation_id=CR28 citation_journal_title=Sci Total Environ; citation_title=The emissions of monoaromatic hydrocarbons from small polymeric toys placed in chocolate food products; citation_author=M Marć, K Formela, M Klein, J Namieśnik, B Zabiegała; citation_volume=530–531; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=290-296; citation_doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.105; citation_id=CR29 citation_journal_title=Build Environ; citation_title=The miniaturised emission chamber system and home-made passive flux sampler studies of monoaromatic hydrocarbons emissions from selected commercially-available floor coverings; citation_author=M Marć, J Namieśnik, B Zabiegała; citation_volume=123; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=1-13; citation_doi=10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.06.035; citation_id=CR30 citation_journal_title=Environ Res; citation_title=Emissions and toxic units of solvent, monomer and additive residues released to gaseous phase from latex balloons; citation_author=M Marć, S Tsakovski, M Tobiszewski; citation_volume=195; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=110700; citation_doi=10.1016/j.envres.2020.110700; citation_id=CR31 citation_journal_title=Food Chem Toxicol; citation_title=Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in foodstuffs in Italy and implications for humans exposure; citation_author=T Martellini, G Diletti, G Scortichini, M Lolini, E Lanciotti, A Katsoyiannis, A Cincinelli; citation_volume=89; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=32-38; citation_doi=10.1016/j.fct.2015.12.026; citation_id=CR32 citation_journal_title=Trends Anal Chem; citation_title=An overview of non-targeted screening strategies based on high resolution accurate mass spectrometry for the identification of migrants coming from plastic food packaging materials; citation_author=MJ Martinez-Bueno, MJ Gomez Ramos, A Bauer, AR Fernandez-Alba; citation_volume=110; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=191-203; citation_doi=10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.035; citation_id=CR33 citation_journal_title=Polym Degrad Stabil; citation_title=Emissions from polymeric materials: characterised by thermal desorption-gas chromatography; citation_author=G Mitchell, C Higgitt, LT Gibson; citation_volume=107; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=328-340; citation_doi=10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.12.003; citation_id=CR34 citation_journal_title=Polym Degrad Stab; citation_title=ESR imaging and FTIR study of thermally treated poly(acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene) (ABS) containing a hindered amine stabilizer: effect of polymermorphology, and butadiene and stabilizer content; citation_author=MV Motyakin, S Schlick; citation_volume=91; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=1462-1470; citation_doi=10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.10.011; citation_id=CR35 citation_journal_title=J Optoelectron Adv Mater; citation_title=Spectral and thermal characterization of styrene–butadiene copolymers with different architectures; citation_author=SB Munteanu, C Vasile; citation_volume=7; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=3135-3148; citation_id=CR36 citation_journal_title=Plast Massy; citation_title=Structural features of atactic polypropylene; citation_author=VP Nekhoroshev, EA Popov, AV Nekhorosheva, SV Ruban; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=6-9; citation_id=CR37 citation_journal_title=Heliyon; citation_title=Volatile and semivolatile organic compound emissions from polymers used in commercial products during thermal degradation; citation_author=M Noguchi, A Yamasaki; citation_volume=6; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=e03314; citation_doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03314; citation_id=CR38 citation_journal_title=Phys Chem Chem Phys; citation_title=New molecular-scale information on polystyrene dynamics in PS and PS–BaTiO3 composites from FTIR spectroscopy; citation_author=D Olmos, EV Martin, J Gonzalez-Benito; citation_volume=16; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=24339-24349; citation_doi=10.1039/C4CP03516J; citation_id=CR39 citation_journal_title=Build Environ; citation_title=Time dependence of characteristic parameter for semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) emitted from indoor materials; citation_author=J Pei, Y Yin, J Cao, Y Sun, J Liu, Y Zhang; citation_volume=125; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=339-347; citation_doi=10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.08.052; citation_id=CR40 citation_journal_title=Chemosphere; citation_title=Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in raw milk from different animal species and in infant formula Occurrence and risk assessment; citation_author=WJ Pietron, M Warenik-Bany, B Wozniak; citation_volume=278; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=130479; citation_doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130479; citation_id=CR41 citation_journal_title=Polym Degrad Stab; citation_title=FTIR spectroscopy study of polyamide-6 irradiated by electron and proton beams; citation_author=M Porubská, O Szöllős, A Kóňová, I Janigová, M Jašková, K Jomová, I Chodák; citation_volume=97; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=523-531; citation_doi=10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.01.017; citation_id=CR42 citation_journal_title=Polym Test; citation_title=Structural, mechanical and thermal behavior assessments of PCL/PHB blends reactively compatibilized with organic peroxides; citation_author=M Przybysz, M Marć, M Klein, M Reza Saeb, K Formela; citation_volume=67; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=513-521; citation_doi=10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.03.014; citation_id=CR43 citation_journal_title=Sci Total Environ; citation_title=Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants; citation_author=F Rahman, KH Langford, MD Scrimshaw, JN Lester; citation_volume=275; citation_issue=1–3; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=1-17; citation_doi=10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00852-X; citation_id=CR44 citation_journal_title=Polym Degrad Stabil; citation_title=Aging of plasticized polyvinyl chloride in heritage collections: the impact of conditioning and cleaning treatments; citation_author=A Royaux, I Fabre-Francke, N Balcar, G Barabant, C Bollard, B Lavedrine, S Cantin; citation_volume=137; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=109-121; citation_doi=10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.01.011; citation_id=CR45 citation_journal_title=J Bioremed Biodegr; citation_title=A new synthesis of nickel 12-hydroxy oleate formulation to improve polyolefin's degradation; citation_author=AW Santhoskumar, K Palanivelu, SK Sharma, SK Nayak; citation_volume=1; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=108; citation_id=CR46 citation_journal_title=Environ Int; citation_title=Phasing-out of legacy brominated flame retardants: the UNEP Stockholm convention and other legislative action worldwide; citation_author=M Sharkey, S Harrad, MAE Abdallah, DS Drage, H Berresheim; citation_volume=144; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=106041; citation_doi=10.1016/j.envint.2020.106041; citation_id=CR47 citation_journal_title=Waste Manage; citation_title=Global E-waste management: can WEEE make a difference? A review of e-waste trends, legislation, contemporary issues and future challenges; citation_author=O Shittu, ID Williams, PJ Shaw; citation_volume=120; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=549-563; citation_doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.016; citation_id=CR48 citation_journal_title=Sci Total Environ; citation_title=Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in dust from various indoor environments in Gdańsk, Poland: prediction of concentrations in indoor air and assessment of exposure of adults; citation_author=M Śmiełowska, B Zabiegała; citation_volume=734; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=139437; citation_doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139437; citation_id=CR49 citation_journal_title=Anal Chim Acta; citation_title=Recent advances in assessing xenobiotics migrating from packaging material—a review; citation_author=N Szczepańska, B Kudłak, J Namieśnik; citation_volume=1023; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=1-21; citation_doi=10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.045; citation_id=CR50 citation_journal_title=Trends Anal Chem; citation_title=Recent development in analysis of persistent organic pollutants under the Stockholm convention; citation_author=HP Tang; citation_volume=45; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=48-66; citation_doi=10.1016/j.trac.2013.01.005; citation_id=CR51 UNEP (2017) Draft guidance on sampling, screening and analysis of persistent organic pollutants in products and articles. Stockholm Convention, 58–59 citation_journal_title=Neurotoxicol Teratol; citation_title=Prenatal and postnatal polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposure and measures of inattention and impulsivity in children; citation_author=AM Vuong, K Yolton, KL Poston, C Xie, GM Webster, A Soejdin, JM Braun, KN Dietrich, BP Lanphear, A Chen; citation_volume=64; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=20-28; citation_doi=10.1016/j.ntt.2017.09.001; citation_id=CR53 citation_journal_title=Environ Int; citation_title=Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposures and thyroid hormones in children at age 3 years; citation_author=AM Vuong, JM Braun, GM Webster, RT Zoeller, AN Hoofnagle, A Sjoedin, K Yolton, BP Lanphear, A Chen; citation_volume=117; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=339-347; citation_doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.019; citation_id=CR54 citation_journal_title=Horm Behav; citation_title=Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and child behavior: current findings and future directions; citation_author=AM Vuong, K Yolton, KN Dietrich, JM Braun, BP Lanphear, A Chen; citation_volume=101; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=94-104; citation_doi=10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.11.008; citation_id=CR55 citation_journal_title=Int J Hyg Environ Health; citation_title=Childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposure and executive function in children in the HOME Study; citation_author=AM Vuong, K Yolton, KL Poston, C Xie, GM Webster, A Sjoedin, JM Braun, KN Dietrich, BP Lanphear, A Chen; citation_volume=221; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=87-94; citation_doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.10.006; citation_id=CR56 citation_journal_title=Indoor Air; citation_title=VOC- and SVOC-emissions from adhesives, floor coverings and complete floor structures; citation_author=O Wilke, O Jann, D Brçdner; citation_volume=14; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=98-107; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00314.x; citation_id=CR57 citation_journal_title=J Appl Polym Sci; citation_title=FT-IR spectroscopic investigation on the interaction between nylon 66 and lithium salts; citation_author=Y Wu, Y Xu, D Wang, Y Zhao, S Weng, D Xu, J Wu; citation_volume=91; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=2869-2875; citation_doi=10.1002/app.13495; citation_id=CR58 citation_journal_title=Environ Pollut; citation_title=Bioaccumulation characteristics of PBDEs and alternative brominated flame retardants in a wild frog-eating snake; citation_author=JP Wu, SK Wu, L Tao, YZ She, XY Chen, WL Feng, YH Zeng, XJ Luo, BX Mai; citation_volume=258; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=113661; citation_doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113661; citation_id=CR59 citation_journal_title=Anal Chim Acta; citation_title=Analytical chemistry of the persistent organic pollutants identified in the Stockholm convention: a review; citation_author=W Xu, X Wang, Z Cai; citation_volume=790; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=1-13; citation_doi=10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.026; citation_id=CR60 citation_journal_title=Molecules; citation_title=Simultaneous screening of major flame retardants and plasticizers in polymer materials using pyrolyzer/thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py/TD-GC-MS); citation_author=H Yanagisawa, Y Kudo, K Nakagawa, H Miyagawa, F Maruyama, S Fujimaki; citation_volume=23; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=728-740; citation_doi=10.3390/molecules23040728; citation_id=CR61 citation_journal_title=Waste Manage; citation_title=Thermal degradation of PVC: a review; citation_author=J Yu, L Sun, C Ma, Y Qiao, H Yao; citation_volume=48; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=300-314; citation_doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.041; citation_id=CR62 citation_journal_title=Sci Total Environ; citation_title=Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDD), dechlorane-related compounds (DRCs), and emerging brominated flame retardants (EBFRs) in foods: the levels, profiles, and dietary intake in Latvia; citation_author=D Zacs, I Perkons, E Abudulajeva, E Pasecnaja, E Bartkiene, V Bartkevics; citation_volume=752; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=141996; citation_doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141996; citation_id=CR63 citation_journal_title=Sci Total Environ; citation_title=Toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) on rodent male reproductive system: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control studies; citation_author=T Zhang, X Zhou, A Xu, Y Tian, Y Wang, Y Zhang, Q Gu, S Wang, Z Wang; citation_volume=720; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=137419; citation_doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137419; citation_id=CR64