Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Patients With Cirrhosis

Drasar, 1969, Studies on the intestinal flora. II. Bacterial flora of the small intestine in patients with gastrointestinal disorders, Gut, 10, 812, 10.1136/gut.10.10.812 Martini, 1957, The bacterial content of the small intestine in normal and cirrhotic subjects: relation to methionine toxicity, Clin Sci, 16, 35 Bauer, 2001, Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with cirrhosis: prevalence and relation with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, Am J Gastroenterol, 96, 2962, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.04668.x Chesta, 1991, Bacterial overgrowth in small intestine in patients with liver cirrhosis, Rev Med Chil, 119, 626 Gorbach, 1967, Studies of intestinal microflora. II. Microorganisms of the small intestine and their relations to oral and fecal flora, Gastroenterology, 53, 856, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)34122-8 Donaldson, 1964, Normal bacterial populations of the intestine and their relation to intestinal function, N Engl J Med, 270, 938, 10.1056/NEJM196404302701806 Lombardo, 2010, Increased incidence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth during proton pump inhibitor therapy, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 8, 504, 10.1016/j.cgh.2009.12.022 Miller, 2012, Ileocecal valve dysfunction in small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a pilot study, World J Gastroenterol, 18, 6801, 10.3748/wjg.v18.i46.6801 Vantrappen, 1977, The interdigestive motor complex of normal subjects and patients with bacterial overgrowth of small intestine, J Clin Investig, 59, 1158, 10.1172/JCI108740 Chesta, 1993, Abnormalities in proximal small bowel motility in patients with cirrhosis, Hepatology, 17, 828 Madrid, 1997, Altered small bowel motility in patients with liver cirrhosis depends on severity of liver disease, Dig Dis Sci, 42, 738, 10.1023/A:1018899611006 Gunnarsdottir, 2003, Small intestinal motility disturbances and bacterial overgrowth in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension, Am J Gastroenterol, 98, 1362, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07475.x Kalaitzakis, 2009, Gut transit is associated with gastrointestinal symptoms and gut hormone profile in patients with cirrhosis, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 7, 346, 10.1016/j.cgh.2008.11.022 Nagasako, 2009, Investigation of autonomic function and orocecal transit time in patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis and the potential influence of these factors on disease outcome, J Clin Gastroenterol, 43, 884, 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31818de34c Chander, 2013, Decompensated cirrhotics have slower intestinal transit times as compared with compensated cirrhotics and healthy controls, J Clin Gastroenterol, 47, 888, 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31829006bb Reilly, 1991, Small intestinal transit in the portal hypertensive rat, Gastroenterology, 100, 670, 10.1016/0016-5085(91)80010-7 Galati, 1997, Gastric emptying and orocecal transit in portal hypertension and end-stage chronic liver disease, Liver Transpl Surg, 3, 34, 10.1002/lt.500030105 Pande, 2009, Small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth in cirrhosis is related to the severity of liver disease, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 29, 1273, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.03994.x Morencos, 1995, Small bowel bacterial overgrowth in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, Dig Dis Sci, 40, 1252, 10.1007/BF02065533 Chen, 2000, The impact of chronic hepatitis B viral infection on gastrointestinal motility, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 12, 995, 10.1097/00042737-200012090-00005 Fleckenstein, 1996, Presence of autonomic neuropaty is a poor prognostic indicator in patients with advanced liver disease, Hepatology, 23, 471, 10.1002/hep.510230311 Dooley, 1988, Abnormalities of the migrating motor complex in diabetics with autonomic neuropathy and diarrhea, Scand J Gastroenterol, 23, 217, 10.3109/00365528809103971 Chaudry, 1999, Autonomic and peripheral (sensorimotor) neuropathy in chronic liver disease: a clinical and electrophysiologic study, Hepatology, 29, 1698, 10.1002/hep.510290630 Hendrickse, 1992, Peripheral and cardiovascular autonomic impairment in chronic liver disease: prevalence and relation to hepatic function, J Hepatol, 16, 177, 10.1016/S0168-8278(05)80112-6 Bode, 1984, Jejunal microflora in patients with chronic alcohol abuse, Hepato Gastroenterol, 31, 30 Sadik, 2003, Etiology of portal hypertension may influence gastrointestinal transit, Scand J Gastroenterol, 38, 1039, 10.1080/00365520310004939 Baker, 2015, Common gastrointestinal symptoms do not predict the results of glucose breath testing in the evaluation of suspected small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, Am J Gastroenterol, 110, S1004, 10.14309/00000434-201510001-02418 Corazza, 1990, The diagnosis of small bowel bacterial overgrowth. Reliability of jejunal culture and inadequacy of breath hydrogen testing, Gastroenterology, 98, 302, 10.1016/0016-5085(90)90818-L Tillman, 1981, Continued experience with the xylose breath test: evidence that the small bowel culture as the gold standard for bacterial overgrowth may be tarnished, Gastroenterology, 80, A1304 Khoshini, 2008, A systematic review of diagnostic tests for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, Dig Dis Sci, 53, 1443, 10.1007/s10620-007-0065-1 Rezaie, 2017, Hydrogen and methane-based breath testing in gastrointestinal disorders: the North American Consensus, Am J Gastroenterol, 112, 775, 10.1038/ajg.2017.46 Levitt, 1970, Volume, composition, and source of intestinal gas, Gastroenterology, 59, 921, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)33654-6 Gasbarrini, 2009, Methodology and indications of H2-breath testing in gastrointestinal diseases: the Rome Consensus Conference, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 29, 1 Erdogan, 2014, What is the optimal threshold for an increase in hydrogen and methane levels with glucose breath test (GBT) for detection of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)?, Gastroenterology, 146, 10.1016/S0016-5085(14)61927-2 Bauer, 2000, Diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with cirrhosis of the liver: poor performance of the glucose breath hydrogen test, J Hepatol, 33, 382, 10.1016/S0168-8278(00)80273-1 Kaufman, 1997, Influence of bacterial overgrowth and intestinal inflammation on duration of parenteral nutrition in children with short bowel syndrome, J Pediatr, 131, 356, 10.1016/S0022-3476(97)80058-3 Oumi, 2000, A scanning electron microscope study on the effects of different bile salts on the epithelial lining of jejunal mucosa, Med Electron Microsc, 33, 11, 10.1007/s007950000002 Cirera, 2001, Bacterial translocation of enteric organisms in patients with cirrhosis, J Hepatol, 34, 32, 10.1016/S0168-8278(00)00013-1 Unno, 1997, Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase ameliorates endotoxin-induced gut mucosal barrier dysfunction in rats, Gastroenterology, 113, 1246, 10.1053/gast.1997.v113.pm9322519 Zolotarevsky, 2002, A membrane-permeant peptide that inhibits MLC kinase restores barrier function in in vitro models of intestinal disease, Gastroenterology, 123, 163, 10.1053/gast.2002.34235 Miele, 2009, Increased intestinal permeability and tight junction alterations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Hepatology, 49, 1877, 10.1002/hep.22848 Assimakopoulos, 2012, Altered intestinal tight junctions' expression in patients with liver cirrhosis: a pathogenetic mechanism of intestinal hyperpermeability, Eur J Clin Investig, 42, 439, 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02609.x Llovet, 1998, Translocated intestinal bacteria cause spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic rats: molecular epidemiologic evidence, J Hepatol, 28, 307, 10.1016/0168-8278(88)80018-7 Scarpellini, 2009, Intestinal permeability in cirrhotic patients with and without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: is the ring closed?, Am J Gastroenterol, 105, 323, 10.1038/ajg.2009.558 Chang, 2001, Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth versus antimicrobial capacity in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, Scan J Gastroenterol, 36, 92, 10.1080/00365520150218110 Chang, 1998, Small intestine dysmotility and bacterial overgrowth in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, Hepatology, 28, 1187, 10.1002/hep.510280504 Van Thiel, 1994, Gastrointestinal transit in cirrhotic patients: effect of hepatic encephalopathy and its treatment, Hepatology, 19, 67, 10.1002/hep.1840190112 Weisberg, 2009, The role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in hepatic encephalopathy, J Hepatol, 50, S94, 10.1016/S0168-8278(09)60236-1 Gupta, 2010, Role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and delayed gastrointestinal transit time in cirrhotic patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy, J Hepatol, 53, 849, 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.05.017 Lunia, 2013, Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and delayed orocecal transit time in patients with cirrhosis and low-grade hepatic encephalopathy, Hepatol Int, 7, 268, 10.1007/s12072-012-9360-9 Castiglione, 2003, Antibiotic treatment of small bowel bacterial overgrowth in patients with Crohn's disease, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 18, 1107, 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01800.x Pimentel, 2003, Normalization of lactulose breath testing correlates with symptom improvement in irritable bowel syndrome. a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, Am J Gastroenterol, 98, 412 Esposito, 2007, Breath test for differential diagnosis between small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and irritable bowel disease: an observation on nonabsorbable antibiotics, World J Gastroenterol, 13, 6016, 10.3748/wjg.v13.45.6016 Majewski, 2007, Efficacy of rifaximin, a nonabsorbed oral antibiotic, in the treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, Am J Med Sci, 333, 266, 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3180536784 Peralta, 2009, Small intestine bacterial overgrowth and irritable bowel syndrome-related symptoms: experience with Rifaximin, World J Gastroenterol, 15, 2628, 10.3748/wjg.15.2628 Parodi, 2008, Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in rosacea: clinical effectiveness of its eradication, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 6, 759, 10.1016/j.cgh.2008.02.054 Biancone, 2000, Effect of rifaximin on intestinal bacterial overgrowth in Crohn's disease as assessed by the H2-glucose breath test, Curr Med Res Opin, 16, 14, 10.1185/0300799009117003 Lauritano, 2005, Rifaximin dose-finding study for the treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 22, 31, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02516.x Scarpellini, 2007, High dosage rifaximin for the treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 25, 781, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03259.x Di Stefano, 2000, Rifaximin versus chlortetracycline in the short-term treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 14, 551, 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00751.x Lauritano, 2009, Antibiotic therapy in small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: rifaximin versus metronidazole, Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 13, 111 D'Inca, 2007, Interaction between rifaximin and dietary fibre in patients with diverticular disease, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 25, 771, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03266.x Furnari, 2010, Clinical trial: the combination of rifaximin with partially hydrolysed guar gum is more effective than rifaximin alone in eradicating small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 32, 1000, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04436.x Low, 2010, A combination of rifaximin and neomycin is most effective in treating irritable bowel syndrome patients with methane on lactulose breath test, J Clin Gastroenterol, 44, 547, 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181c64c90 Pimentel, 2014, Antibiotic treatment of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, Dig Dis Sci, 59, 1278, 10.1007/s10620-014-3157-8 Lauritano, 2008, Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth recurrence after antibiotic therapy, Am J Gastroenterol, 103, 2031, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02030.x Zhang, 2015, Effects of SIBO and Rifaximin therapy on MHE caused by hepatic cirrhosis, Int J Clin Exp Med, 8, 2954 Adawi, 1998, Inhibition of nitric oxide production and the effects of arginine and Lactobacillus administration in acute liver injury model, Ann Surg, 228, 748, 10.1097/00000658-199812000-00005 Stotzer, 1996, Probiotic treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth by Lactobacillus fermentum KLD, Scand J Infect Dis, 28, 615, 10.3109/00365549609037970 Cuoco, 2006, Small intestine bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: a retrospective study with rifaximin, Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol, 52, 89 Perez-Paramo, 2000, Effect of propranolol on the factors promoting bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats with ascites, Hepatology, 31, 43, 10.1002/hep.510310109 Senzolo, 2009, Beta-Blockers protect against spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients: a meta-analysis, Liver Int, 29, 1189, 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02038.x Reiberger, 2013, Non-selective betablocker therapy decreases intestinal permeability and serum levels of LBP and IL-6 in patients with cirrhosis, J Hepatol, 58, 911, 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.12.011 Madrid, 2001, Long-term treatment with cisapride and antibiotics in liver cirrhosis: effect on small intestinal motility, bacterial overgrowth, and liver function, Am J Gastroenterol, 96, 1251, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03636.x Soudah, 1991, Effect of octreotide on intestinal motility and bacterial overgrowth in scleroderma, N Engl J Med, 325, 1461, 10.1056/NEJM199111213252102 Xu, 2002, Influence of portal pressure change on intestinal permeability in patients with portal hypertension, Hepatobil Pancreat Dis Int, 1, 510 Madrid, 1997, Orthotopic liver transplantation improves small bowel motility disorders in cirrhotic patients, Am J Gastroenterol, 92, 1044