Smad3 signaling is required for satellite cell function and myogenic differentiation of myoblasts

Bischoff R . Analysis of muscle regeneration using single myofibers in culture. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21:S164–S172.

Grounds MD, Yablonka-Reuveni Z . Molecular and cell biology of skeletal muscle regeneration. Mol Cell Biol Hum Dis Ser 1993; 3:210–256.

McPherron AC, Lawler AM, Lee SJ . Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member. Nature 1997; 387:83–90.

Kambadur R, Sharma M, Smith TP, Bass JJ . Mutations in myostatin (GDF8) in double-muscled Belgian Blue and Piedmontese cattle. Genome Res 1997; 7:910–916.

Reisz-Porszasz S, Bhasin S, Artaza JN, et al. Lower skeletal muscle mass in male transgenic mice with muscle-specific overexpression of myostatin. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 285:E876–E888.

Zimmers TA, Davies MV, Koniaris LG, et al. Induction of cachexia in mice by systemically administered myostatin. Science 2002; 296:1486–1488.

Thomas M, Langley B, Berry C, et al. Myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle growth, functions by inhibiting myoblast proliferation. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:40235–40243.

McCroskery S, Thomas M, Maxwell L, Sharma M, Kambadur R . Myostatin negatively regulates satellite cell activation and self-renewal. J Cell Biol 2003; 162:1135–1147.

McFarlane C, Hennebry A, Thomas M, et al. Myostatin signals through Pax7 to regulate satellite cell self-renewal. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:317–329.

Liu D, Black BL, Derynck R . TGF-beta inhibits muscle differentiation through functional repression of myogenic transcription factors by Smad3. Genes Dev 2001; 15:2950–2966.

Liu D, Kang JS, Derynck R . TGF-beta-activated Smad3 represses MEF2-dependent transcription in myogenic differentiation. EMBO J 2004; 23:1557–1566.

Langley B, Thomas M, Bishop A, et al. Myostatin inhibits myoblast differentiation by down-regulating MyoD expression. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:49831–49840.

Li ZB, Kollias HD, Wagner KR . Myostatin directly regulates skeletal muscle fibrosis. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:19371–19378.

Yang X, Letterio JJ, Lechleider RJ, et al. Targeted disruption of SMAD3 results in impaired mucosal immunity and diminished T cell responsiveness to TGF-beta. EMBO J 1999; 18:1280–1291.

Li ZF, Shelton GD, Engvall E . Elimination of myostatin does not combat muscular dystrophy in dy mice but increases postnatal lethality. Am J Pathol 2005; 166:491–497.

Partridge TA . Tissue culture of skeletal muscle. Methods Mol Biol 1997; 75:131–144.

Rosenblatt JD, Lunt AI, Parry DJ, Partridge TA . Culturing satellite cells from living single muscle fiber explants. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1995; 31:773–779.

Sharma M, Kambadur R, Matthews KG, et al. Myostatin, a transforming growth factor-beta superfamily member, is expressed in heart muscle and is upregulated in cardiomyocytes after infarct. J Cell Physiol 1999; 180:1–9.

Sherr CJ . G1 phase progression: cycling on cue. Cell 1994; 79:551–555.

Galbiati F, Volonte D, Engelman JA, Scherer PE, Lisanti MP . Targeted down-regulation of caveolin-3 is sufficient to inhibit myotube formation in differentiating C2C12 myoblasts. Transient activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is required for induction of caveolin-3 expression and subsequent myotube formation. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:30315–30321.

Zhidkova NI, Belkin AM, Mayne R . Novel isoform of beta 1 integrin expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 214:279–285.

Schwander M, Leu M, Stumm M, et al. Beta1 integrins regulate myoblast fusion and sarcomere assembly. Dev Cell 2003; 4:673–685.

Kontaridis MI, Eminaga S, Fornaro M, et al. SHP-2 positively regulates myogenesis by coupling to the Rho GTPase signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:5340–5352.

de Oliveira MV, Marin TM, Clemente CF, et al. SHP-2 regulates myogenesis by coupling to FAK signaling pathway. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:2975–2981.

Clarke BA, Drujan D, Willis MS, et al. The E3 Ligase MuRF1 degrades myosin heavy chain protein in dexamethasone-treated skeletal muscle. Cell Metab 2007; 6:376–385.

Forbes D, Jackman M, Bishop A, et al. Myostatin auto-regulates its expression by feedback loop through Smad7 dependent mechanism. J Cell Physiol 2006; 206:264–272.

Thornell LE, Lindstom M, Renault V, et al. Satellite cell dysfunction contributes to the progressive muscle atrophy in myotonic dystrophy type 1. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2009; 35:603–613.

Olguin HC, Olwin BB . Pax-7 up-regulation inhibits myogenesis and cell cycle progression in satellite cells: a potential mechanism for self-renewal. Dev Biol 2004; 275:375–388.

Zammit PS, Golding JP, Nagata Y, et al. Muscle satellite cells adopt divergent fates: a mechanism for self-renewal? J Cell Biol 2004; 166:347–357.

Jansen KM, Pavlath GK . Mannose receptor regulates myoblast motility and muscle growth. J Cell Biol 2006; 174:403–413.

Gomes MD, Lecker SH, Jagoe RT, Navon A, Goldberg AL . Atrogin-1, a muscle-specific F-box protein highly expressed during muscle atrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:14440–14445.

Bodine SC, Latres E, Baumhueter S, et al. Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy. Science 2001; 294:1704–1708.

Lecker SH, Jagoe RT, Gilbert A, et al. Multiple types of skeletal muscle atrophy involve a common program of changes in gene expression. FASEB J 2004; 18:39–51.

Sandri M, Lin J, Handschin C, et al. PGC-1alpha protects skeletal muscle from atrophy by suppressing FoxO3 action and atrophy-specific gene transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103:16260–16265.

Senf SM, Dodd SL, McClung JM, Judge AR . Hsp70 overexpression inhibits NF-kappaB and Foxo3a transcriptional activities and prevents skeletal muscle atrophy. FASEB J 2008; 22:3836–3845.

Langley B, Thomas M, McFarlane C, et al. Myostatin inhibits rhabdomyosarcoma cell proliferation through an Rb-independent pathway. Oncogene 2004; 23:524–534.

McFarlane C, Plummer E, Thomas M, et al. Myostatin induces cachexia by activating the ubiquitin proteolytic system through an NF-kappaB-independent, FoxO1-dependent mechanism. J Cell Physiol 2006; 209:501–514.

Zhu X, Topouzis S, Liang LF, Stotish RL . Myostatin signaling through Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 is regulated by the inhibitory Smad7 by a negative feedback mechanism. Cytokine 2004; 26:262–272.

Yang W, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wu Z, Zhu D . Myostatin induces cyclin D1 degradation to cause cell cycle arrest through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/GSK-3 beta pathway and is antagonized by insulin-like growth factor 1. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:3799–3808.

Philip B, Lu Z, Gao Y . Regulation of GDF-8 signaling by the p38 MAPK. Cell Signal 2005; 17:365–375.

Huang Z, Chen D, Zhang K, et al. Regulation of myostatin signaling by c-Jun N-terminal kinase in C2C12 cells. Cell Signal 2007; 19:2286–2295.

Ji M, Zhang Q, Ye J, et al. Myostatin induces p300 degradation to silence cyclin D1 expression through the PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway. Cell Signal 2008; 20:1452–1458.