Sleep disturbance as a universal risk factor for relapse in addictions to psychoactive substances

Bauer, 2007, Variation in GABRA2 predicts drinking behavior in project MATCH subjects, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 31, 1780, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00517.x

Finckh, 1997, Influence of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) genotype on neuroadaptive effects of alcohol and the clinical outcome of alcoholism, Pharmacogenetics, 7, 271, 10.1097/00008571-199708000-00002

Florez, 2008, Association between the Stin2 VNTR polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene and treatment outcome in alcohol-dependent patients, Alcohol Alcohol, 43, 516, 10.1093/alcalc/agn048

Pinto, 2008, The short allele of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism influences relapse in alcohol dependence, Alcohol Alcohol, 43, 398, 10.1093/alcalc/agn015

Wojnar, 2009, Association between Val66Met brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene polymorphism and post-treatment relapse in alcohol dependence, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 33, 693, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00886.x

Wrase, 2008, Amygdala volume associated with alcohol abuse relapse and craving, Am J Psychiatry, 165, 1179, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07121877

Adinoff, 2005, Suppression of the HPA axis stress-response: implications for relapse, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 29, 1351, 10.1097/01.ALC.0000176356.97620.84

Heinz, 1995, Blunted growth hormone response is associated with early relapse in alcohol-dependent patients, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 19, 62

George, 1999, Buspirone treatment of alcoholism: age of onset, and cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid and homovanillic acid concentrations, but not medication treatment, predict return to drinking, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 23, 272, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04110.x

Guardia, 2000, Striatal dopaminergic D2 receptor density measured by [123I] iodobenzamide SPECT in the prediction of treatment outcome of alcohol-dependent patients, Am J Psychiatry, 157, 127, 10.1176/ajp.157.1.127

Heinz, 1995, Evidence for prolonged recovery of dopaminergic transmission after detoxification in alcoholics with poor treatment outcome, J Neural Transm Gen Sect, 102, 149, 10.1007/BF01276510

Junghanns, 2003, Impaired serum cortisol stress response is a predictor of early relapse, Alcohol Alcohol, 38, 189, 10.1093/alcalc/agg052

Kiefer, 2005, Increasing leptin precedes craving and relapse during pharmacological abstinence maintenance treatment of alcoholism, J Psychiatr Res, 39, 545, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.11.005

Kiefer, 2006, Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity: a target of pharmacological anticraving treatment?, Biol Psychiatry, 60, 74, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.11.023

Markianos, 2001, Changes in dopamine receptor responsivity during alcohol detoxification may predict relapse, Drug Alcohol Depend, 64, 363, 10.1016/S0376-8716(01)00139-9

Rasmusson, 2006, A decrease in the plasma DHEA to cortisol ratio during smoking abstinence may predict relapse: a preliminary study, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 186, 473, 10.1007/s00213-006-0367-6

Schmidt, 1996, Reduced dopaminergic function in alcoholics is related to severe dependence, Biol Psychiatry, 39, 193, 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00078-X

Grusser, 2004, Cue-induced activation of the striatum and medial prefrontal cortex is associated with subsequent relapse in abstinent alcoholics, Psychopharmacology, 175, 296, 10.1007/s00213-004-1828-4

Heinz, 2007, Brain activation elicited by affectively positive stimuli is associated with a lower risk of relapse in detoxified alcoholic subjects, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 31, 1138, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00406.x

Paulus, 2005, Neural activation patterns of methamphetamine-dependent subjects during decision making predict relapse, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 62, 761, 10.1001/archpsyc.62.7.761

Bauer, 1994, Electroencephalographic and autonomic predictors of relapse in alcohol-dependent patients, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 18, 755, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00942.x

Bauer, 1997, Frontal P300 decrements, childhood conduct disorder, family history, and the prediction of relapse among abstinent cocaine abusers, Drug Alcohol Depend, 44, 1, 10.1016/S0376-8716(96)01311-7

Bauer, 2001, Predicting relapse to alcohol and drug abuse via quantitative electroencephalography, Neuropsychopharmacology, 25, 332, 10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00236-6

Glenn, 1993, Electrophysiological indices predict resumption of drinking in sober alcoholics, Alcohol, 10, 89, 10.1016/0741-8329(93)90086-4

Saletu-Zyhlarz, 2004, Differences in brain function between relapsing and abstaining alcohol-dependent patients, evaluated by EEG mapping, Alcohol Alcohol, 39, 233, 10.1093/alcalc/agh041

Winterer, 1998, Quantitative EEG (QEEG) predicts relapse in patients with chronic alcoholism and points to a frontally pronounced cerebral disturbance, Psychiatry Res, 78, 101, 10.1016/S0165-1781(97)00148-0

Brower, 1998, Polysomnographic and subjective sleep predictors of alcoholic relapse, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 22, 1864, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03995.x

Drummond, 1998, The sleep of abstinent pure primary alcoholic patients: natural course and relationship to relapse, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 22, 1796, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03983.x

Gillin, 1994, Increased pressure for rapid eye movement sleep at time of hospital admission predicts relapse in nondepressed patients with primary alcoholism at 3-month follow-up, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 51, 189, 10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950030025003

Kalivas, 2008, Drug addiction as a pathology of staged neuroplasticity, Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 166, 10.1038/sj.npp.1301564

Heinz, 2009, Identifying the neural circuitry of alcohol craving and relapse vulnerability, Addict Biol, 14, 108, 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00136.x

Koob, 2009, Neurobiological substrates for the dark side of compulsivity in addiction, Neuropharmacology, 56, 18, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.07.043

Goldstein, 2009, The neurocircuitry of impaired insight in drug addiction, Trends Cogn Sci, 13, 372, 10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.004

American Psychiatric Association. DSM-IV-TR: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.

Arnedt, 2007, Treatment options for sleep disturbances during alcohol recovery, J Addict Dis, 26, 41, 10.1300/J069v26n04_06

Conroy, 2007, Insomnia in patients with addictions: a safer way to break the cycle, Curr Psychiatry, 7, 97

Brower, 2001, Alcohol’s effects on sleep in alcoholics, Alcohol Res Health, 25, 110

Brower, 2003, Insomnia, alcoholism and relapse, Sleep Med Rev, 7, 523, 10.1016/S1087-0792(03)90005-0

Conroy, 2006, Perception of sleep in recovering alcohol-dependent patients with insomnia: relationship with future drinking, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 30, 1992, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00245.x

Feige, 2007, Sleep electroencephalographic spectral power after withdrawal from alcohol in alcohol-dependent patients, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 31, 19, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00260.x

Malcolm, 2007, Self-reported sleep, sleepiness, and repeated alcohol withdrawals: a randomized, double blind, controlled comparison of lorazepam vs. gabapentin, J Clin Sleep Med, 3, 24

Choi, 1973, Dreams as a prognostic factor in alcoholism, Am J Psychiatry, 130, 699, 10.1176/ajp.130.6.699

Christo, 1996, Addicts’ drug-related dreams: their frequency and relationship to six-month outcomes, Subst Use Misuse, 31, 1, 10.3109/10826089609045795

Flowers, 1998, The changing role of “using” dreams in addiction recovery, J Subst Abuse Treat, 15, 193, 10.1016/S0740-5472(97)00188-8

Sofuoglu, 2005, The effect of individual cocaine withdrawal symptoms on outcomes in cocaine users, Addict Behav, 30, 1125, 10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.10.010

Gann, 2001, Sleep and the cholinergic rapid eye movement sleep induction test in patients with primary alcohol dependence, Biol Psychiatry, 50, 383, 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01172-6

Boutou, 2008, Smoking cessation in clinical practice: predictors of six-month continuous abstinence in a sample of Greek smokers, Primary Care Respir J, 17, 32, 10.3132/pcrj.2008.00009

Foulds, 2006, Factors associated with quitting smoking at a tobacco dependence treatment clinic, Am J Health Behav, 30, 400, 10.5993/AJHB.30.4.6

Scharf, 2008, Smoking during the night: prevalence and smoker characteristics, Nicotine Tob Res, 10, 167, 10.1080/14622200701767787

Dijkstra, 2008, Prediction of abstinence in opioid-dependent patients, J Addict Med, 2, 194, 10.1097/ADM.0b013e31818a6596

Becker, 2007, Non-medical use, abuse and dependence on sedatives and tranquilizers among U.S. adults: psychiatric and socio-demographic correlates, Drug Alcohol Depend, 90, 280, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.04.009

Carter, 2007, Relative abuse liability of indiplon and triazolam in humans: a comparison of psychomotor, subjective, and cognitive effects, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 322, 749, 10.1124/jpet.107.119693

Victorri-Vigneau, 2007, Evidence of zolpidem abuse and dependence: results of the French Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence (CEIP) network survey, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 64, 198, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02861.x

Griffiths, 2005, Relative abuse liability of hypnotic drugs: a conceptual framework and algorithm for differentiating among compounds, J Clin Psychiatry, 66, 31

West, 1994, Overview: a comparison of withdrawal symptoms from different drug classes, Addiction, 89, 1483, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03747.x

Aston-Jones, 2004, Brain substrates for increased drug seeking during protracted withdrawal, Neuropharmacology, 47, 167, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.06.020

Martinotti, 2008, Alcohol protracted withdrawal syndrome: the role of anhedonia, Subst Use Misuse, 43, 271, 10.1080/10826080701202429

Hornyak, 2004, Magnesium treatment of primary alcohol-dependent patients during subacute withdrawal: an open pilot study with polysomnography, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 28, 1702, 10.1097/01.ALC.0000145695.52747.BE

Wong, 2009, Childhood sleep problems, early onset of substance use and behavioral problems in adolescence, Sleep Med, 10, 787, 10.1016/j.sleep.2008.06.015

Coffey, 2000, Acute and protracted cocaine abstinence in an outpatient population: a prospective study of mood, sleep and withdrawal symptoms, Drug Alcohol Depend, 59, 277, 10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00126-X

Krystal, 2008, Sleep disturbance in psychiatric disorders: effects on function and quality of life in mood disorders, alcoholism, and schizophrenia, Ann Clin Psychiatry, 20, 39, 10.1080/10401230701844661

Schierenbeck, 2008, Effect of illicit recreational drugs upon sleep: cocaine, ecstasy and marijuana, Sleep Med Rev, 12, 381, 10.1016/j.smrv.2007.12.004

Jacobus, 2009, Functional consequences of marijuana use in adolescents, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 92, 559, 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.04.001

Valladares, 2007, Polysomnographic sleep dysregulation in cocaine dependence, ScientificWorldJournal, 7, 213, 10.1100/tsw.2007.264

Morgan, 2007, Cocaine and sleep: early abstinence, ScientificWorldJournal, 7, 223, 10.1100/tsw.2007.209

Colrain, 2004, The impact of smoking cessation on objective and subjective markers of sleep: review, synthesis, and recommendations, Nicotine Tob Res, 6, 913, 10.1080/14622200412331324938

Wang, 2007, Opioids, sleep architecture and sleep-disordered breathing, Sleep Med Rev, 11, 35, 10.1016/j.smrv.2006.03.006

McCann, 2007, Effects of (±) 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on sleep and circadian rhythms, ScientificWorldJournal, 7, 231, 10.1100/tsw.2007.214

Leggio, 2008, Insulin but not insulin growth factor-1 correlates with craving in currently drinking alcohol-dependent patients, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 32, 450, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00589.x

Leggio, 2008, Relationship between the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis and alcohol craving in alcohol-dependent patients: a longitudinal study, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 32, 2047, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00792.x

Leggio, 2008, Renin and aldosterone but not the natriuretic peptide correlate with obsessive craving in medium-term abstinent alcohol-dependent patients: a longitudinal study, Alcohol, 42, 375, 10.1016/j.alcohol.2008.03.128

Sinha, 2009, Enhanced negative emotion and alcohol craving, and altered physiological responses following stress and cue exposure in alcohol dependent individuals, Neuropsychopharmacology, 34, 1198, 10.1038/npp.2008.78

Means, 2003, Accuracy of sleep perceptions among insomnia sufferers and normal sleepers, Sleep Med, 4, 285, 10.1016/S1389-9457(03)00057-1

Currie, 2004, Agreement among subjective, objective, and collateral measures of insomnia in postwithdrawal recovering alcoholics, Behav Sleep Med, 2, 148, 10.1207/s15402010bsm0203_4

Voss, 2009, Lucid dreaming: a state of consciousness with features of both waking and non-lucid dreaming, Sleep, 32, 1191, 10.1093/sleep/32.9.1191

U.S. National Library of Medicine, and National Institutes of Health. PubMed Home Page. Search of Journals Database containing the word “Sleep”. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ [accessed 09/23/2009].

Desseilles, 2008, Neuroimaging insights into the pathophysiology of sleep disorders, Sleep, 31, 777, 10.1093/sleep/31.6.777

Steiger, 2007, Neurochemical regulation of sleep, J Psychiatr Res, 41, 537, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.04.007

Altena, 2008, Prefrontal hypoactivation and recovery in insomnia, Sleep, 31, 1271

Dauvilliers, 2008, The genetic basis of sleep disorders, Curr Pharm Des, 14, 3386, 10.2174/138161208786549308

Volkow, 2008, Sleep deprivation decreases binding of [11C]raclopride to dopamine D2/D3 receptors in the human brain, J Neurosci, 28, 8454, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1443-08.2008

Perreau-Lenz, 2007, Clock genes running amok. Clock genes and their role in drug addiction and depression, EMBO Rep, 8, S20, 10.1038/sj.embor.7401016

Bolla, 2008, Sleep disturbance in heavy marijuana users, Sleep, 31, 901, 10.1093/sleep/31.6.901

Killgore, 2009, Sustaining executive functions during sleep deprivation: a comparison of caffeine, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil, Sleep, 32, 205, 10.1093/sleep/32.2.205

Perez, 2008, Residual effects of intranasal methamphetamine on sleep, mood, and performance, Drug Alcohol Depend, 94, 258, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.10.011

Kirilly, 2008, Decrease in REM latency and changes in sleep quality parallel serotonergic damage and recovery after MDMA: a longitudinal study over 180days, Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 11, 795, 10.1017/S1461145708008535

Zhang, 2008, Power spectral analysis of EEG activity during sleep in cigarette smokers, Chest, 133, 427, 10.1378/chest.07-1190

Peles, 2009, Documented poor sleep among methadone-maintained patients is associated with chronic pain and benzodiazepine abuse, but not with methadone dose, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 19, 581, 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.04.001

Sharkey, 2009, Home polysomnography in methadone maintenance patients with subjective sleep complaints, Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse, 35, 178, 10.1080/00952990902839786

Irwin, 2009, Tumor necrosis factor antagonism normalizes rapid eye movement sleep in alcohol dependence, Biol Psychiatry, 66, 191, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.12.004

Colrain, 2009, The impact of alcoholism on sleep evoked delta frequency responses, Biol Psychiatry, 66, 177, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.010

Chueh, 2009, Poor sleep quality and alcohol use problems among elderly Taiwanese aboriginal women, Int Psychogeriatr, 21, 593, 10.1017/S1041610209008850

Schmidt, 2008, Facets of impulsivity are differentially linked to insomnia: evidence from an exploratory study, Behav Sleep Med, 6, 178, 10.1080/15402000802162570

Muller, 2008, Personality traits predict treatment outcome in alcohol-dependent patients, Neuropsychobiology, 57, 159, 10.1159/000147469

Friedmann, 2008, Trazodone for sleep disturbance after alcohol detoxification: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 32, 1652, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00742.x