Size-resolved environmentally persistent free radicals in urban road dust and association with transition metals
Tóm tắt
Environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are receiving growing concerns owing to their potentially adverse impacts on human health. Road dust is one important source of air pollution in most cities and may pose significant health risks. Characteristics of EPFRs in urban road dusts and its formation mechanism(s) are still rarely studied. Here, we evaluated occurrence and size distributions of EPFRs in road dusts from different functional areas of an urban city, and assessed relationship between EPFRs and some transition metals. Strong electron paramagnetic resonance signals of 6.01 × 1016 − 1.3 × 1019 spins/g with the mean g value of 2.0029 ± 0.0019 were observed, indicating that EPFRs consisted of a mixture of C-centered radicals, and C-centered radicals with an adjacent oxygen atom in the urban road dust. Much more EPFRs enriched in finer dust particles. EPFRs significantly correlated with the total Fe, but not water-soluble Fe, suggesting different impacts of water-soluble and insoluble metals in the formation of EFPRs. Health risk assessment results indicated high risk potentials via the ingestion and dermal exposure to EPFRs in road dusts. Future studies are calling to look into formation mechanisms of EPFRs in urban road dusts and to quantitatively evaluate its potential risks on human health.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adamiec, E., & Jarosz-Krzemińska, E. (2019). Human health risk assessment associated with contaminants in the finest fraction of sidewalk dust collected in proximity to trafficked roads. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52815-0
Alex, F. J., Tan, G., Kyei, S. K., Ansah, P. O., Agyeman, P. K., Fayzullayevich, J. V., & Olayode, I. O. (2023). Transmission of viruses and other pathogenic microorganisms via road dust: Emissions, characterization, health risks, and mitigation measures. Atmospheric Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2022.101642
Balakrishna, S., Lomnicki, S., McAvey, K. M., Cole, R. B., Dellinger, B., & Cormier, S. A. (2009). Environmentally persistent free radicals amplify ultrafine particle mediated cellular oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-6-11
Chen, Q., Wang, M., Sun, H., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, L., & Mu, Z. (2018). Enhanced health risks from exposure to environmentally persistent free radicals and the oxidative stress of PM2.5 from Asian dust storms in Erenhot, Zhangbei and Jinan, China. Environment International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.012
Chen, T., Sun, C., Wang, T., Lomnicki, S., Zhan, M., Li, X., Lu, S., & Yan, J. (2020). Formation of DF, PCDD/Fs and EPFRs from 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene over metal oxide/silica surface. Waste Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.08.024
Christoforidis, K. C., Un, S., & Deligiannakis, Y. (2007). High-field 285 ghz electron paramagnetic resonance study of indigenous radicals of humic acids. Journal of Physical Chemistry A. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0717692
Cruz, A. L. N. D., Gehling, W., Lomnicki, S., Cook, R., & Dellinger, B. (2011). Detection of environmentally persistent free radicals at a superfund wood treating site. Environmental Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/es2012947
Cruz, A. L. N. D., Cook, R. L., Lomnicki, S. M., & Dellinger, B. (2012). Effect of low temperature thermal treatment on soils contaminated with pentachlorophenol and environmentally persistent free radicals. Environmental Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/es300362k
Dellinger, B., Pryor, W. A., Cueto, R., Squadrito, G. L., Hegde, V., & Deutsch, W. A. (2001). Role of free radicals in the toxicity of airborne fine particulate matter. Chemical Research in Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx010050x
Dellinger, B., Lomnicki, S., Khachatryan, L., Maskos, Z., Hall, R. W., Adounkpe, J., McFerrin, C., & Truong, H. (2007). Formation and stabilization of persistent free radicals. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 31(1), 521–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2006.07.172
Diao, L., Zhang, H., Liu, B., Dai, C., Zhang, Y., Dai, Q., Bi, X., Zhang, L., Song, C., & Feng, Y. (2021). Health risks of inhaled selected toxic elements during the haze episodes in Shijiazhuang, China: Insight into critical risk sources. Environmental Pollution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116664
EPA. (1989). Risk assessment guidance for superfund. Volume I human health evaluation manual (Part A). I (December), 289.
Fang, G., Gao, J., Liu, C., Dionysiou, D. D., Wang, Y., & Zhou, D. (2014). Key role of persistent free radicals in hydrogen peroxide activation by biochar: implications to organic contaminant degradation. Environmental Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/es4048126
Feng, W., Zhang, Y., Huang, L., Li, Y., Guo, Q., Peng, H., & Shi, L. (2022a). Spatial distribution, pollution characterization, and risk assessment of environmentally persistent free radicals in urban road dust from central China. Environmental Pollution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118861
Feng, W., Zhang, Y., Huang, L., Li, Y., Wang, S., Zheng, Y., Shi, L., & Xu, K. (2022b). Source apportionment of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) and heavy metals in size fractions of urban arterial road dust. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.11.039
Gehling, W., Khachatryan, L., & Dellinger, B. (2014). Hydroxyl radical generation from environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in PM2.5. Environmental Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/es401770y
Grevatt, P. C. (1998). Toxicological review of trivalent chromium. Toxicological Review Of trivalent chromium (CAS No. 16065-83-1) - In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS).
Harrison, R. M., Jones, A. M., Gietl, J., Yin, J., & Green, D. C. (2012). Estimation of the contributions of brake dust, tire wear, and resuspension to nonexhaust traffic particles derived from atmospheric measurements. Environmental Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/es300894r
Hu, X., Zhang, Y., Ding, Z., Wang, T., Lian, H., Sun, Y., & Wu, J. (2012a). Bioaccessibility and health risk of arsenic and heavy metals (Cd Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Mn) in TSP and PM2.5 in Nanjing, China. Atmospheric Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.04.056
Hu, Z., Shi, Y., Niu, H., & Cai, Y. (2012b). Synthetic musk fragrances and heavy metals in snow samples of Beijing urban area, China. Atmospheric Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.09.002
Jia, H., Nulaji, G., Gao, H., Wang, F., Zhu, Y., & Wang, C. (2016). Formation and stabilization of environmentally persistent free radicals induced by the interaction of anthracene with Fe(III)-modified clays. Environmental Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00527
Jia, H., Zhao, S., Nulaji, G., Tao, K., Wang, F., Sharma, V. K., & Wang, C. (2017). Environmentally persistent free radicals in soils of past coking sites: Distribution and stabilization. Environmental Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00599
Jia, H., Zhao, S., Shi, Y., Fan, X., & Wang, T. (2019). Formation of environmentally persistent free radicals during the transformation of anthracene in different soils: Roles of soil characteristics and ambient conditions. Journal of Hazardous Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.056
Jose, J., & Srimuruganandam, B. (2021). Application of micro-morphology in the physical characterization of urban road dust. Particuology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2020.05.002
Khachatryan, L., Adounkpe, J., Maskos, Z., & Dellinger, B. (2006). Formation of cyclopentadienyl radical from the gas-phase pyrolysis of hydroquinone, catechol, and phenol. Environmental Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/es051878z
Kibet, J., Khachatryan, L., & Dellinger, B. (2012). Molecular products and radicals from pyrolysis of lignin. Environmental Science and Technology, 6(23), 12994–13001. https://doi.org/10.1021/es302942c
Kiruri, L. W., Dellinger, B., & Lomnicki, S. (2013). Tar balls from deep water horizon oil spill: Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFR) formation during crude weathering. Environmental Science and Technology, 47(9), 4220–4226. https://doi.org/10.1021/es305157w
Kiruri, L. W., Khachatryan, L., Dellinger, B., & Lomnicki, S. (2014). Effect of copper oxide concentration on the formation and persistency of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in particulates. Environmental Science and Technology, 48(4), 2212–2217. https://doi.org/10.1021/es404013g
Kolakkandi, V., Sharma, B., Rana, A., Dey, S., Rawat, P., & Sarkar, S. (2020). Spatially resolved distribution, sources and health risks of heavy metals in size-fractionated road dust from 57 sites across megacity Kolkata, India. Science of the Total Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135805
Kovochich, M., Parker, J. A., Oh, S. C., Lee, J. P., Wagner, S., Reemtsma, T., & Unice, K. M. (2021). Characterization of individual tire and road wear particles in environmental road dust, tunnel dust, and sediment. Environmental Science and Technology Letters, 8(12), 1057–1064. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00811
Lee, G. I., Saravia, J., You, D., Shrestha, B., Jaligama, S., Hebert, V. Y., Dugas, T. R., & Cormier, S. A. (2014). Exposure to combustion generated environmentally persistent free radicals enhances severity of influenza virus infection. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-014-0057-1
Li, H., Chen, Q., Wang, C., Wang, R., Sha, T., Yang, X., & Ainur, D. (2023). Pollution characteristics of environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs) and their contribution to oxidation potential in road dust in a large city in northwest China. Journal of Hazardous Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130087
Lin, H., Li, H., Sun, H. Y., Chen, Q. C. (2021). Characteristics and secondary formation of EPFRs in road asphalt. Zhongguo Huanjing Kexue/China Environmental Science, 41(3).
Lomnicki, S., & Dellinger, B. (2003). A detailed mechanism of the surface-mediated formation of PCDD/F from the Oxidation of 2-chlorophenol on a CuO/silica surface. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 107(22), 4387–4395. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp026045z
Lomnicki, S., Truong, H., Vejerano, E., & Dellinger, B. (2008). Copper oxide-based model of persistent free radical formation on combustion-derived particulate matter. Environmental Science and Technology, 42(13), 4982–4988. https://doi.org/10.1021/es071708h
Magnano, G. C., Marussi, G., Pavoni, E., Adami, G., Filon, F. L., & Crosera, M. (2022). Percutaneous metals absorption following exposure to road dust powder. Environmental Pollution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118353
Nwosu, U. G., Roy, A., Cruz, A. L. N. D., Dellinger, B., & Cook, R. (2016). Formation of environmentally persistent free radical (EPFR) in iron(III) cation-exchanged smectite clay. Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts, 18(1), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5em00554j
Pan, Bo., Li, H., Lang, Di., & Xing, B. (2019). Environmentally persistent free radicals: Occurrence, formation mechanisms and implications. Environmental Pollution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.032
Runberg, H. L., Mitchell, D. G., Eaton, S. S., Eaton, G. R., & Majestic, B. J. (2020). Stability of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFR) in atmospheric particulate matter and combustion particles. Atmospheric Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117809
Shaltout, A. A., Boman, J., Shehadeh, Z. F., Dhaif-Allah, R., Hemeda, O. M., & Morsy, M. M. (2015). Spectroscopic investigation of PM2.5 collected at industrial, residential and traffic sites in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Aerosol Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2014.09.004
Tian, L., Koshland, C. P., Yano, J., Yachandra, V. K., Yu, I. T. S., Lee, S. C., & Lucas, D. (2009). Carbon-centered free radicals in participate matter emissions from wood and coal combustion. Energy and Fuels. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef8010096
U.S. EPA. (2001). Methods for collection, storrge and maripulation of sediment for chemical and toxicological analyses: Technical manual, no. October.
Vejerano, E., Lomnicki, S., & Dellinger, B. (2011). Formation and stabilization of combustion-generated environmentally persistent free radicals on an Fe(III)2O3/silica surface. Environmental Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/es102841s
Vejerano, E., Lomnicki, S. M., & Dellinger, B. (2012). Formation and stabilization of combustion-generated, environmentally persistent radicals on Ni(II)O supported on a silica surface. Environmental Science and Technology, 46(17), 9406–9411. https://doi.org/10.1021/es301136d
Wang, Y., Li, S., Wang, M., Sun, H., Mu, Z., Zhang, L., Li, Y., & Chen, Q. (2019). Source apportionment of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in PM2.5 over Xi’an, China. Science of the Total Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.424
Wang, C., Huang, Y., Zhang, Z., & Cai, Z. (2020). Levels, spatial distribution, and source identification of airborne environmentally persistent free radicals from tree leaves. Environmental Pollution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113353
Xiao, K., Wang, Q., Lin, Y., Wang, W., Lu, S., & Yonemochi, S. (2021). Approval research for carcinogen humic-like substances (Hulis) emitted from residential coal combustion in high lung cancer incidence areas of China. Processes. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9071254
Xiao, K., Wang, Q., Senlin, Lu., Lin, Y., Enyoh, C. E., Chowdhury, T., Rabin, M. H., Islam, M. R., Guo, Y., & Wang, W. (2022). Pollution levels and health risk assessment of potentially toxic metals of size-segregated particulate matter in rural residential areas of high lung cancer incidence in Fuyuan, China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01374-x
Xu, M., Wu, T., Tang, Y. T., Chen, T., Khachatryan, L., Iyer, P. R., Guo, D., Chen, A., Lyu, M., Li, J., & Liu, J. (2019). Environmentally persistent free radicals in PM2.5: A review. Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42768-019-00021-z
Yang, L., Liu, G., Zheng, M., Jin, R., Zhao, Y., Wu, X., & Xu, Y. (2017). Pivotal roles of metal oxides in the formation of environmentally persistent free radicals. Environmental Science and Technology, 51(21), 12329–12336. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03583
Zhao, J., Shen, G., Shi, L., Li, H., Lang, D., Zhang, L., Pan, B., & Tao, S. (2022). Real-World emission characteristics of environmentally persistent free radicals in PM2.5 from residential solid fuel combustion. Environmental Science and Technology, 56(7), 3997–4004. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c08449