Silent hypoxia in COVID-19: a gut microbiota connection

Catanzaro, 2020, Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2, Signal Transduct Target Ther, 5, 84, 10.1038/s41392-020-0191-1 Santamarina, 2020, COVID-19: a hypothesis regarding the ventilation-perfusion mismatch, Crit Care, 24, 395, 10.1186/s13054-020-03125-9 Brouqui, 2021, Asymptomatic hypoxia in COVID-19 is associated with poor outcome, Int J Infect Dis, 102, 233, 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.067 Nouri-Vaskeh, 2020, Dyspneic and non-dyspneic (silent) hypoxemia in COVID-19: possible neurological mechanism, Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 198, 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106217 O’Connor, 2020, Bugs, breathing and blood pressure: microbiota-gut-brain axis signalling in cardiorespiratory control in health and disease, J Physiol, 598, 4159, 10.1113/JP280279 Herrmann, 2020, Modeling lung perfusion abnormalities to explain early COVID-19 hypoxemia, Nat Commun, 11, 10.1038/s41467-020-18672-6 Gourine, 2005, On the peripheral and central chemoreception and control of breathing: an emerging role of ATP, J Physiol, 568, 715, 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.095968 Prabhakar, 2004, Peripheral chemoreceptors in health and disease, J Appl Physiol (1985), 96, 359, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00809.2003 Zera, 2019, The logic of carotid body connectivity to the brain, Physiology (Bethesda), 34, 264 Ruyle, 2018, Hypoxia activates a neuropeptidergic pathway from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to the nucleus tractus solitarii, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 315, R1167, 10.1152/ajpregu.00244.2018 Cummins, 2020, Mechanisms and consequences of oxygen and carbon dioxide sensing in mammals, Physiol Rev, 100, 463, 10.1152/physrev.00003.2019 Fukushi, 2021, Mechanisms underlying the sensation of dyspnea, Respir Investig, 59, 66, 10.1016/j.resinv.2020.10.007 Tavcar, 2021, Neurotropic viruses, astrocytes, and COVID-19, Front Cell Neurosci, 15, 10.3389/fncel.2021.662578 Villadiego, 2020, Is carotid body infection responsible for silent hypoxemia in COVID-19 patients?, Function, 2, 10.1093/function/zqaa032 Porzionato, 2020, The potential role of the carotid body in COVID-19, Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 319, L620, 10.1152/ajplung.00309.2020 Serra, 2019, The impact of chronic intestinal inflammation on brain disorders: the microbiota-gut-brain axis, Mol Neurobiol, 56, 6941, 10.1007/s12035-019-1572-8 Kho, 2018, The human gut microbiome - a potential controller of wellness and disease, Front Microbiol, 9, 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01835 Rinninella, 2019, What is the healthy gut microbiota composition? A changing ecosystem across age, environment, diet, and diseases, Microorganisms, 7, 10.3390/microorganisms7010014 Yeoh, 2021, Gut microbiota composition reflects disease severity and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID-19, Gut, 70, 698, 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323020 Zuo, 2020, Alterations in gut microbiota of patients with COVID-19 during time of hospitalization, Gastroenterology, 159, 944, 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.048 Viana, 2020, ACE2 imbalance as a key player for the poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients with age-related comorbidities — role of gut microbiota dysbiosis, Ageing Res Rev, 62, 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101123 Chen, 2020, The microbial coinfection in COVID-19, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 104, 7777, 10.1007/s00253-020-10814-6 Villapol, 2020, Gastrointestinal symptoms associated with COVID-19: impact on the gut microbiome, Transl Res, 226, 57, 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.08.004 Han, 2020, Profiling serum cytokines in COVID-19 patients reveals IL-6 and IL-10 are disease severity predictors, Emerg Microbes Infect, 9, 1123, 10.1080/22221751.2020.1770129 Dumitrescu, 2018, Oxidative stress and the microbiota-gut-brain axis, Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2018, 10.1155/2018/2406594 Ke, 2018, Gut flora-dependent metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide accelerates endothelial cell senescence and vascular aging through oxidative stress, Free Radic Biol Med, 116, 88, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.007 Nuzzo, 2020, Potential neurological effects of severe COVID-19 infection, Neurosci Res, 158, 1, 10.1016/j.neures.2020.06.009 Fu, 2019, Anti-neuroinflammation ameliorates systemic inflammation-induced mitochondrial DNA impairment in the nucleus of the solitary tract and cardiovascular reflex dysfunction, J Neuroinflammation, 16, 224, 10.1186/s12974-019-1623-0 Braniste, 2014, The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice, Sci Transl Med, 6, 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009759 Follmer, 2020, Viral infection-induced gut dysbiosis, neuroinflammation, and alpha-synuclein aggregation: updates and perspectives on COVID-19 and neurodegenerative disorders, ACS Chem Neurosci, 11, 4012, 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00671 Zhao, 2019, Neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide causes cognitive impairment in mice, Sci Rep, 9 Meinhardt, 2021, Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a port of central nervous system entry in individuals with COVID-19, Nat Neurosci, 24, 168, 10.1038/s41593-020-00758-5 Groiss, 2020, Prolonged neuropsychological deficits, central nervous system involvement, and brain stem affection after COVID-19-A case series, Front Neurol, 11, 10.3389/fneur.2020.574004 Gandhi, 2020, Is the collapse of the respiratory center in the brain responsible for respiratory breakdown in COVID-19 patients?, ACS Chem Neurosci, 11, 1379, 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00217 Barreto-Filho, 2021, Non-dyspnogenic acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in COVID-19 pneumonia, J Appl Physiol (1985), 130, 892, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00522.2020 Machado, 2021, Relevance of carotid bodies in COVID-19: a hypothetical viewpoint, Auton Neurosci, 233, 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102810 Tobin, 2020, Why COVID-19 silent hypoxemia is baffling to physicians, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 202, 356, 10.1164/rccm.202006-2157CP Fulling, 2019, Gut microbe to brain signaling: what happens in vagus, Neuron, 101, 998, 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.008 McVey Neufeld, 2019, Oral selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors activate vagus nerve dependent gut-brain signalling, Sci Rep, 9, 10.1038/s41598-019-50807-8 Baig, 2020, Computing the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on respiration regulatory mechanisms in COVID-19, ACS Chem Neurosci, 11, 2416, 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00349 Zhu, 2020, The progress of gut microbiome research related to brain disorders, J Neuroinflammation, 17, 25, 10.1186/s12974-020-1705-z Bhattacharyya, 2014, Oxidative stress: an essential factor in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal mucosal diseases, Physiol Rev, 94, 329, 10.1152/physrev.00040.2012 Caspani, 2019, Small talk: microbial metabolites involved in the signaling from microbiota to brain, Curr Opin Pharmacol, 48, 99, 10.1016/j.coph.2019.08.001 Markowiak-Kopec, 2020, The effect of probiotics on the production of short-chain fatty acids by human intestinal microbiome, Nutrients, 12, 10.3390/nu12041107 O’Connor, 2019, Manipulation of gut microbiota blunts the ventilatory response to hypercapnia in adult rats, EBioMedicine, 44, 618, 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.029 Oleskin, 2016, Neuromodulatory effects and targets of the SCFAs and gasotransmitters produced by the human symbiotic microbiota, Microb Ecol Health Dis, 27 Silva, 2020, The role of short-chain fatty acids from gut microbiota in gut-brain communication, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 11, 25, 10.3389/fendo.2020.00025 Li, 2021, Butyrate regulates COVID-19-relevant genes in gut epithelial organoids from normotensive rats, Hypertension, 77, e13, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16647 Torres-Torrelo, 2018, The role of Olfr78 in the breathing circuit of mice, Nature, 561, E33, 10.1038/s41586-018-0545-9 Lloyd-Price, 2019, Multi-omics of the gut microbial ecosystem in inflammatory bowel diseases, Nature, 569, 655, 10.1038/s41586-019-1237-9 Basseri, 2010, Pulmonary manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease: case presentations and review, J Crohns Colitis, 4, 390, 10.1016/j.crohns.2010.03.008 D’Andrea, 2010, Respiratory involvement in inflammatory bowel diseases, Multidiscip Respir Med, 5, 173, 10.1186/2049-6958-5-3-173 Neurath, 2020, COVID-19 and immunomodulation in IBD, Gut, 69, 1335, 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321269 Prabhakar, 2016, Regulation of carotid body oxygen sensing by hypoxia-inducible factors, Pflugers Arch, 468, 71, 10.1007/s00424-015-1719-z Groves, 2020, Respiratory viral infection alters the gut microbiota by inducing inappetence, mBio, 11, 10.1128/mBio.03236-19 Kelly, 2015, Crosstalk between microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and intestinal epithelial HIF augments tissue barrier function, Cell Host Microbe, 17, 662, 10.1016/j.chom.2015.03.005 Lopetuso, 2013, Commensal clostridia: leading players in the maintenance of gut homeostasis, Gut Pathog, 5, 23, 10.1186/1757-4749-5-23 Gonkowski, 2020, Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the carotid body-a history of forty years of research. A mini review, Int J Mol Sci, 21, 10.3390/ijms21134692 Travagli, 2009, Nucleus tractus solitarii, 2908 Strandwitz, 2019, GABA-modulating bacteria of the human gut microbiota, Nat Microbiol, 4, 396, 10.1038/s41564-018-0307-3 Tao, 2020, Analysis of the intestinal microbiota in COVID-19 patients and its correlation with the inflammatory factor IL-18, Med Microecol, 5, 10.1016/j.medmic.2020.100023 Bonazzetti, 2021, Unexpectedly high frequency of enterococcal bloodstream infections in coronavirus disease 2019 patients admitted to an Italian ICU: an observational study, Crit Care Med, 49, e31, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004748 Leonard, 2018, Sensory processing and integration at the carotid body tripartite synapse: neurotransmitter functions and effects of chronic hypoxia, Front Physiol, 9, 10.3389/fphys.2018.00225 van Thiel, 2020, Painful interactions: microbial compounds and visceral pain, Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis, 1866, 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165534 Wilcox, 2020, The efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent clostridium difficile infection: current understanding and gap analysis, Open Forum Infect Dis, 7, 10.1093/ofid/ofaa114