Silane pre-treated silica produced by ball milling and its reinforcing effects on an industrial rubber compound
Tóm tắt
A precipitated silica pre-treated with organosilane bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulphide (TESPT) was produced using an industrially applicable ball milling coupled with oven heating method. The effectiveness of silanisation on the silica that reacted with TESPT via the unique preparation method was characterised by fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), water dispersal, bound rubber content (BRC), mixing and compound behaviours compared to an untreated silica. The silanisation reactions were effectively realised and the dispersion of the pre-treated silica in rubber matrix was improved after the silica was processed through multiple stages two-roll-mill mixing in producing a pre-treated silica masterbatch (PSiMB). Subsequently, various dosages of the PSiMB were loaded into an industrial rubber compound. The physical, cure and mechanical properties of the vulcanisates were investigated. It was observed that the cure initiation, hardness, crosslink density and mechanical properties of the vulcanisates were enhanced after the rubber compounds were reinforced using the PSiMB.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Zhang Q, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Cheng H, Lu Y (2012) Silane-grafted silica-covered kaolinite as filler of styrene butadiene. Appl Clay Sci 65:134–138
Ahmed K, Nizami SS, Raza NZ, Habib F (2013) The effect of silica on the properties of marble sludge filled natural rubber composites. J King Saud Univ Sci 25:331–339
Liang JZ (2013) Reinforcement and quantitative description of inorganic particulate-filled polymer composites. Composites 51:224–232
Rodgers B (2004) Rubber compounding: chemistry and applications. Marcel Dekkal, New York
Kothandaraman B (2008) Rubber materials. Ane Books Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi
Ismail H, Mathialagan M (2012) Comparative study on the effect of partial replacement of silica or calcium carbonate by bentonite on the properties of EPDM composites. Polym Test 31:199–208
Ghanbari M, Khorasani SN, Talakesh MM, Farzadfar A (2012) Investigating the effect of nanoclay/carbon black on sulphur curing system of SBR/BR and NR/BR blends. J Elastomers Plast 45(6):551–563
Ngeow YW, Heng JYY, Williams DR, Davies RT, Lawrence KME, Chapman AV (2019) TEM observation of silane coupling agent in silica-filled rubber tyre compound. J Rubber Res 22:1–12
Jin JM, Noordermeer JWM, Dierkes WK, Blume A (2020) The effect of silanization temperature and time on the marching modulus of silica-filled tire tread compounds. Polymers 12(209):1–14
Mostafa A, Abouel-Kasem A, Bayoumi MR, El-Sebaie MG (2014) Rubber-filler interactions and its effect in rheological and mechanical properties of filled compounds. J Test Eval 38(3):1–13
Yang SY, Liu L, Jia ZX, Fu WW, Jia DM, Luo YF (2014) Study on the structure-properties relationship of natural rubber/SiO2 composites modified by a novel multi-functional rubber agent. eXPRESS Polym Lett 8(6):425–435
Sengloyluan K, Sahakaro K, Dierkes WK, Noordermeer JWM (2016) Synergistic effects in silica-reinforced natural rubber compounds compatibilised by ENR in combination with different silane coupling agent types. J Rubber Res 19(3):170–189
Katueangngan K, Tulyapitak T, Saetung A, Soontaranon S, Nithi-uthai N (2016) Renewable interfacial modifier for silica filled natural rubber compound. Proc Chem 19:447–454
Kaewsakul W, Sahakaro K, Dierkes WK, Noordermeer JWM (2014) Verification of interactions between silica and epoxidised squalene as a model for epoxidised natural rubber. J Rubber Res 17(3):129–142
Sarkawi SS, Kaewsakul W, Sahakaro K, Dierkes WK, Noordermeer JWM (2015) A review on reinforcement of natural rubber by silica fillers for use in low-rolling resistance tyres. J Rubber Res 18(4):203–233
Saramolee P, Sahakaro L, Lopattananon N, Dierkes WK, Noordermeer JWM (2016) Compatibilisation of silica-filled natural rubber compounds by functionalised low molecular weight polymer. J Rubber Res 19(1):28–42
Zhang CF, Tang ZH, Guo BC, Zhang LQ (2018) Significantly improved rubber-silica interface via subtly controlling surface chemistry of silica. Compos Sci Technol 156:70–77
Seo G, Park SM, Ha K, Choi KT, Hong CK, Kaang SY (2010) Effectively reinforcing roles of the networked silica prepared using 3,3’-bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide in the physical properties of SBR compounds. J Mater Sci 45:1877–1903
Mokhothu TH, Luyt AS, Messori M (2014) Reinforcement of EPDM rubber with in situ generated silica particles in the presence of a coupling agent via a sol-gel route. Polym Test 33:97–106
Zhang Y, Liu Q, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Cheng H (2015) Gas barrier properties and mechanism of kaolin/styrene–butadiene rubber nanocomposites. Appl Clay Sci 111:37–43
Nuntang S, Yousatit S, Chaowamalee S, Yokoi T, Tatsumi T, Ngamcharussrivichai C (2018) Mesostructured natural rubber/in situ formed silica nanocomposites: a simple way to prepare mesoporous silica with hydrophobic properties. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 259:79–88
Kapgate BP, Das C, Basu D, Das A, Heinrich G (2013) Rubber composites based on silane-treated stöber silica and nitrile rubber: interaction of treated silica with rubber matrix. J Elastomers Plast 47(3):1–14
Sala RL, Xavier TPO, Venâncio T, Arantes TM, Paranhos CM, Camargo ER (2016) Dynamic and structural correlations in nanocomposites of silica with modified surface and carboxylated nitrile rubber. J Colloid Interface Sci 466:247–253
Alimardani M, Kashani MR (2020) The correlation of tear deviation and resistance with the bound rubber content in rubber-silica composites. Polym Test 90:1–8
Yantaboot K, Amornsakchai T (2017) Effect of preparation methods and carbon black distribution on mechanical properties of short pineapple leaf fiber-carbon black reinforced natural rubber hybrid composites. Polym Test 61:223–228
Soh TC, Mohamad N, Ahsan Q, AbdManaf ME (2015) Effects of filler hybridization on the mechanical properties of NR/SBR/EPDM rubber blends. J Adv Manuf Technol 9(1):54–64
Soh TC, Lee CK (2016) Effects of calcined clay/precipitated silica hybridization on cure characteristics and mechanical properties of a rubber swimming fin compound. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 10(14):152–161
Choi SS, Ko E (2014) Novel test method to estimate bound rubber formation of silica-filled solution styrene-butadiene rubber compounds. Polym Test 40:170–177
Ansarifar A, Nijhawan R, Nanapoolsin T, Song M (2003) Reinforcing effect of silica and silane fillers on the properties of some natural rubber vulcanizates. Rubber Chem Tech 76(5):1290–1309
Nakajima N (2000) The science and practice of rubber mixing. Rapra Technology Limited, Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire
Ansarifar A, Azhar A, Ibrahim N, Shiah SF, Lawton JMD (2005) The use of a silanised silica filler to reinforce and crosslink natural rubber. Int J Adhes Adhes 25:77–86
Hosseini SM, Kashani MR (2014) Vulcanization kinetics of nano-silica styrene butadiene rubber. Polymer 55:6426–6434
Soh TC, Lau GS (2017) Cure and physical characterizations of natural rubber blended with recycled latex-foam-waste. Am J Eng Res 6(10):141–148
Ahsan Q, Mohamad N, Soh TC (2015) Effects of accelerators on the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of natural rubber compounds. Int J Autom Mech Eng 12:2954–2966