Should human resource managers use social media to screen job applicants? Managerial and legal issues in the USA

Back, M.D., Stopfer, S.V., Gaddis, S., Schmukle, S.C., Egloff, B. and Gosling, S.D. (2010), “Facebook profiles reflect actual personality, not self‐idealization”, Psychological Science, Vol. 21 No. 3, pp. 372‐4.

Barrick, M.R., Shaffer, J.A. and DeGrassi, S.W. (2009), “What you see may not be what you get: relationships among self‐presentation tactics and ratings of interview and job performance”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 94 No. 6, pp. 1394‐411.

Bauer, T.N., Truxillo, D.M., Tucker, J.S., Weathers, V., Bertolino, M., Erdogan, B. and Campion, M.A. (2006), “Selection in the information age: the impact of privacy concerns and computer experience on applicant reactions”, Journal of Management, Vol. 32 No. 5, pp. 601‐21.

Bell, B.S., Weichmann, D. and Ryan, A.M. (2006), “Consequences of organizational justice expectations in a selection system”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 91 No. 2, pp. 455‐66.

Berkowitz, M. (2009), “Recruiting and hiring advice”, Monster.com, available at: http://hiring.monster.com/hr/hr‐best‐practices/recruiting‐hiring‐advice/acquiring‐job‐candidates/social‐media‐recruiting‐guidelines.aspx (accessed 2 May 2011).

Bernardin, H.J., Buckley, M.R., Tyler, C.L. and Weise, D.S. (2000), “A reconsideration of strategies in rater training”, in Ferris, G.R. (Ed.), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, Vol. 18, JAI Press, Stamford, CT, pp. 221‐74.

Black, T. (2010), “How to use social media as a recruiting tool”, Inc. (online edition), 22 April, available at: www.inc.com/guides/2010/04/social‐media‐recruiting.html (accessed 28 April 2011).

Bohnert, D. and Ross, W.H. (2010), “The influence of social networking websites on the evaluation of job candidates”, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking, Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 341‐7.

Boyd, D.M. and Ellison, N.B. (2007), “Social network sites: definition, history, and scholarship”, Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 210‐30.

Brandenburg, C. (2008), “The newest way to screen job applicants: a social networker's nightmare”, Federal Communications Law Journal, Vol. 60 No. 3, pp. 597‐627.

Brown, V.R. and Vaughn, E.D. (2011), “The writing on the (Facebook) wall: the use of social networking sites in hiring decisions”, Journal of Business & Psychology, Vol. 26 No. 2, pp. 219‐25.

Brus, B. (2011), “Online oops: social media blurs line between personal, professional lives”, Oklahoma City [Oklahoma] Journal Record, (online edition), 17 March, available at: http://journalrecord.com/2011/03/17/online‐oops‐general‐news/ (accessed 25 April 2011).

Buffardi, L.E. and Campbell, W.K. (2008), “Narcissism and social networking web sites”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 34 No. 10, pp. 1303‐14.

Burbary, K. (2011), “Facebook demographics revisited”, Web Business, 7 March, available at: www.kenburbary.com/2011/03/facebook‐demographics‐revisited‐2011‐statistics‐2/ (accessed 7 July 2011).

Chen, J.V., Ross, W.H. and Huang, S.F. (2008), “Privacy, trust, and justice considerations for location‐based mobile telecommunication services”, Info, Vol. 10 No. 4, pp. 30‐45.

Community Banker (2008), “Who's your friend?”, Community Banker, Vol. 18 11, November, p. 73.

Conlon, D.E. and Ross, W.H. (2011), “The effect of perceived (in)justice on cooperativeness: implications for negotiators as ‘justice‐enhancing communicators’ in an era of social networking”, in Shapiro, D. and Goldman, B. (Eds), Psychology of Negotiations in the 21st Century Workplace, Psychology Press/Routledge, New York, NY, forthcoming.

Dean, M.A. (2004), “An assessment of biodata predictive ability across multiple performance criteria”, Applied H.R.M. Research, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 1‐12.

Dipboye, R.L. (1982), “Self‐fulfilling prophesies in the selection‐recruitment interview”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 579‐86.

Ellsberg, D. (1961), “Risk, ambiguity, and the Savage axioms”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 75 No. 4, pp. 643‐99.

Elzweig, B. and Peeples, D.K. (2009), “Using social networking web sites in hiring and retention decisions”, S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal, Vol. 74 No. 4, pp. 27‐35.

Fernando, A. (2008), “Communique: the social media resume”, Communication World, Vol. 25 4, July, pp. 8‐9.

Fisher, A. (2011), “Checking out job applicants on Facebook? Better ask a lawyer”, Fortune, (online edition), 2 March, available at: http://management.fortune.cnn.com/2011/03/02/checking‐out‐job‐applicants‐on‐facebook‐better‐ask‐a‐lawyer/ (accessed 1 May 2011).

Gatewood, R.D., Feild, H.S. and Barrick, M. (2011), Human Resource Selection, 7th ed., South‐Western, Mason, OH.

Gilliland, S.W. and Hale, J.M.S. (2005), “How can justice be used to improve employee selection practices?”, in Greenberg, J. and Colquitt, J.A. (Eds), Handbook of Organizational Justice, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 411‐38.

Goodman, T.B. (2010), “Online reputation guide for college students”, SafetyWeb, 3 December, available at: www.safetyweb.com/online‐reputation‐guide‐for‐college‐students (accessed 4 June 2011).

Gunther, B. and Furnham, A. (2001), Assessing Business Potential: A Biodata Approach, Whurr Publishers, London.

Haefner, R. (2009), “More employers screening candidates via social networking sites”, CareerBuilder.com 10 June, available at: www.careerbuilder.com/Article/CB‐1337‐Interview‐Tips‐More‐Employers‐Screening‐Candidates‐via‐Social‐Networking‐Sites/ (accessed 23 April 2011).

Hall, L. (2004), “Looks good on paper?”, Personnel Today, 30 March, p. 17.

Harris, M.M., Lievens, F. and Van Hoye, G. (2004), “‘I think they discriminated against me’: using prototype theory and organizational justice theory for understanding perceived discrimination in selection and promotion decisions”, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 54‐65.

Hausknecht, J.P., Day, D.V. and Thomas, S.C. (2004), “Applicant reactions to selection procedures”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 57 No. 3, pp. 639‐83.

Holt, C. (2011), “Emerging technologies: Web 2.0”, Health Information Management Journal, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 33‐5.

Huffcutt, A.I. (2011), “An empirical review of the employment interview construct literature”, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 62‐81.

Jolly, D. (2010), “German law would limit the use of Facebook in hiring”, New York Times, 26 August, p. 8.

Karren, R.J. and Zacharias, L. (2007), “Integrity tests: critical issues”, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 221‐34.

Kaslow, F.W., Patterson, T. and Gottlieb, M. (2011), “Ethical dilemmas in psychologists accessing internet data: is it justified?”, Professional Psychology, Research & Practice, Vol. 42 No. 2, pp. 105‐12.

Klimczuk, K.A. (2010), “Status update”, Business West, Vol. 27 15, 6 Decembe, p. 23 & 65.

Kluemper, D.H. and Rosen, P.A. (2009), “Future employment selections methods: evaluating social networking web sites”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 24 No. 6, pp. 567‐80.

Kristof‐Brown, A.L. (2000), “Perceived applicant fit: distinguishing between recruiters' perceptions of person‐job and person‐organization fit”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 53 No. 3, pp. 643‐71.

Kuzmits, F.E., Thacker, R.A. and Osbourn, M.A. (1991), “Negligent hiring: reducing the risk”, Employee Responsibilities & Rights Journal, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 203‐14.

Leary, M.R. and Hoyle, R.H. (Eds) (2009), “Situations, dispositions, and the study of social behavior”, Handbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior, Guilford Press, New York, NY, pp. 3‐11.

Levashina, J. and Campion, M. (2009), “Expected practices in background checking: review of the human resource management literature”, Employee Responsibilities & Rights Journal, Vol. 21 No. 3, pp. 231‐49.

Lyons, D. (2010), “Facebook's false contrition: a business built on your data”, Newsweek, Vol. 7, p. 20.

McCreary, L. (2008), “What was privacy?”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 86 10, October, pp. 123‐31.

Madigan, N. (2011), “Officer forced to reveal Facebook page; ACLU claims privacy invaded”, McClatchy‐Tribune Business News/Baltimore [Maryland] Sun, (online edition), 24 February, available at: http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011‐02‐23/news/bs‐md‐ci‐officer‐facebook‐password‐20110223_1_facebook‐page‐facebook‐password‐privacy‐protections (accessed 23 April 2011).

Mael, F.A., Connerley, M. and Morath, R.A. (1996), “None of your business: parameters of biodata invasiveness”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 49 No. 3, pp. 613‐50.

Makan, J. (2011), “10 things Facebook won't tell you”, Smart Money, Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 82‐4.

Mangla, I.S. (2009), “Fired for Facebook: don't let it happen to you”, CNN Money, 21 April, available at: http://moremoney.blogs.money.cnn.com/2009/04/21/fired‐for‐facebook‐dont‐let‐it‐happen‐to‐you/ (accessed 17 April 2011).

Melchers, K.G., Lienhardt, N., Von Aarburg, M. and Kleinmann, M. (2011), “Is more structure really better? A comparison of frame‐of‐reference training and descriptively anchored rating scales to improve interviewers' rating quality”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 64 No. 1, pp. 53‐87.

Mello, J.A. (2004), “Salts, lies, and videotape: union organizing efforts and management's response”, Labor Law Journal, Spring, Vol. 55 No. 1, pp. 42‐52.

Moe, J. (2011a), “Facebook will learn your face unless you tell it to stop”, Marketplace Tech Report, 9 June, available at: http://marketplace.publicradio.org/display/web/2011/06/09/tech‐report‐facebook‐is‐using‐facial‐recognition/ (accessed 7 July 2011).

Moe, J. (2011b), “What employers look for when they research you online”, Marketplace Tech Report, 22 June, available at: http://marketplace.publicradio.org/display/web/2011/06/22/tech‐report‐what‐employers‐look‐for‐when‐they‐research‐you‐online/ (accessed 7 July 2011).

Molitorisz, S. (2007), “Stolen: how cyberspace chewed up Cathy's identity”, Sydney [Australia] Morning Herald, 4 August, p. 1.

Moore, A.D. (2005), Information Ethics: Privacy, Property, and Power, University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA.

Nakashima, E. (2007), “Harsh words die hard on the web: law students feel lasting effects of anonymous attacks”, Washington Post (online edition), 7 March, available at: www.washingtonpost.com/wp‐dyn/content/article/2007/03/06/AR2007030602705.html (accessed 4 June 2011).

Phillips, A.P. and Dipboye, R.L. (1989), “Correlational tests of predictions from a process model of the interview”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 74 No. 1, pp. 41‐52.

Picard, A. (2011), “The history of Twitter, 140 characters at a time”, The Globe and Mail, 20 March, available at: www.theglobeandmail.com/news/technology/tech‐news/the‐history‐of‐twitter‐140‐characters‐at‐a‐time/article1949299/ (accessed 20 April 2011).

Pickell, R. (2011), “Checking social media sites when hiring? Proceed with caution”, Canadian HR Reporter, March, Vol. 24 6, 28 March, p. 17.

Pike, G.H. (2011), “Legal issues: online privacy protection gaining momentum”, Information Today, Vol. 28 5, May, p. 28.

Ployhart, R.E. and Ryan, A.M. (1998), “Applicants' reactions to the fairness of selection procedures: the effects of positive rule violations and time of measurement”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 83 No. 1, pp. 3‐16.

Read, B. (2007), “Online”, Chronicle of Higher Education, Vol. 53 19, 12 January, p. A31.

Ross, W.H., Meyer, C.J., Chen, J.V. and Keaton, P. (2009), “The role of human resource management in protecting information at telecommunications firms”, The Journal of Information Privacy and Security, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 49‐77.

Rowell, E.D. (2010), “Didn't get hired because of Facebook? You're not alone”, Ezine Articles, 10 January, available at: http://ezinearticles.com/?Didnt‐Get‐Hired‐Because‐of‐Facebook?‐Youre‐Not‐Alone&id=3669704 (accessed 24 April, 2011).

Sackett, P.R. and Roth, L. (1996), “Multi‐stage selection strategies: a Monte Carlo investigation of effects on performance and minority hiring”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 49 No. 3, pp. 549‐72.

Schiller, K. (2010), “Getting a grip on reputation”, Information Today, Vol. 27 No. 10, p. 1&44.

Sherry, V. (2011), “Online personas under scrutiny”, Buffalo [New York] News, 2, 3 April, from EBSCOhost Newspaper Source Plus database, available at: www.ebscohost.com/public/newspaper‐source‐plus (accessed 28 May 2011).

Smith, W.P. and Kidder, D.L. (2010), “You've been tagged! (then again, maybe not): employers and Facebook”, Business Horizons, Vol. 53 No. 5, pp. 491‐9.

Smolowitz, P. (2008), “CMS: 5 caught in web prank: on online message board, teacher was falsely accused of pedophilia, schools say”, McClatchy – Tribune Business News (online edition), 1 February, from ABI/INFORM (Document ID: 1422034021) (accessed 2 June 2011).

Stokes, G.S. and Cooper, L.A. (2004), “Biodata”, in Thomas, J.C. (Ed.), Comprehensive Handbook of Psychological Assessment, Vol. 4: Industrial and Organizational Assessment, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, pp. 243‐68.

Strategic Communication Management (2007), “Workers naïve over online presence”, Strategic Communication Management, Vol. 12 1, December, p. 9.

Sundar, S. and Stavrositu, C. (2006), “If internet credibility is so iffy, then why the heavy use? The relationship between medium use and credibility”, Proceedings of the 56th Annual Conference of the International Communication Association, Dresden, Germany, pp. 1‐28.

Van Fossen, L. (2011), “California bans online impersonations”, Wordcast, 4 January, available at: http://wordcastnet.com/2011/california‐bans‐online‐impersonations/ (accessed 4 June 2011).

Walther, J.B., Van Der Heide, B., Kim, S.Y., Westerman, D. and Tong, S.T. (2008), “The role of friends' appearance and behavior on evaluations of individuals on Facebook: are we known by the company we keep?”, Human Communication Research, Vol. 34 No. 1, pp. 28‐49.

Webster, E.C. (1982), The Employment Interview: A Social Judgment Process, SIP Publications, Schomberg.

Winnipeg [Canada] Free Press (2011), “The Economist: internet eroding anonymity, but who pays the price?”, Winnipeg [Canada] Free Press, 12 March, p, p. B‐19, from Ebscohost Newspaper Plus database, available at: www.ebscohost.com/public/newspaper‐source‐plus (accessed 28 May 2011).

Woehr, D.J. and Huffcutt, A.I. (1994), “Rater training for performance appraisal: a quantitative review”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 67 No. 3, pp. 189‐205.

Yianni, S. and MacLaren, A. (2011), Figures show increase in graduate vacancies and boost in starting salaries for first time in 2 years, press release, Association of Graduate Recruiters (AGR), 27 June, available at: www.agr.org.uk/content/Figures‐show‐increase‐in‐graduate‐vacancies‐and‐boost‐in‐starting‐salaries‐for‐first‐time‐in‐2‐years (accessed 8 July 2011).