Should I stay or should I go? The impact of entrepreneurs’ loneliness on business exit intentions through entrepreneurial passion

Akande, 1994, Coping with entrepreneurial stress: evidence from Nigeria, J. Small Bus. Manag., 32, 83 Baron, 2011, The role of entrepreneurs in firm-level innovation: joint effects of positive affect, creativity, and environmental dynamism, J. Bus. Ventur., 26, 49, 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.06.002 Baron, 2011, The downside of being ‘up’: entrepreneurs' dispositional positive affect and firm performance, Strateg. Entrep. J., 5, 101, 10.1002/sej.109 Baum, 2004, The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skills, and motivation to subsequent venture growth, J. Appl. Psychol., 89, 587, 10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.587 Baumeister, 1996, Self-regulation failure: an overview, Psychol. Inq., 7, 1, 10.1207/s15327965pli0701_1 Baumeister, 2000, Ego depletion: a resource model of volition, self-regulation, and controlled processing, Soc. Cognit., 18, 130, 10.1521/soco.2000.18.2.130 Boyd, 1983, Coping with entrepreneurial stress, Harv. Bus. Rev., 61, 44 Burke, 2006, Identity change, Soc. Psychol. Q., 69, 81, 10.1177/019027250606900106 Cacioppo, 2012, The phenotype of loneliness, Eur. J. Dev. Psychol., 9, 446, 10.1080/17405629.2012.690510 Cacioppo, 2009, Perceived social isolation and cognition, Trends Cognit. Sci., 13, 447, 10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.005 Cardon, 2013, Measuring entrepreneurial passion: conceptual foundations and scale validation, J. Bus. Ventur., 28, 373, 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.003 Cardon, 2015, Entrepreneurial passion as mediator of the self-efficacy to persistence relationship, Enterpren. Theor. Pract., 39, 1027, 10.1111/etap.12089 Cardon, 2009, The nature and experience of entrepreneurial passion, Acad. Manag. Rev., 34, 511, 10.5465/amr.2009.40633190 Collewaert, 2016, When passion fades: disentangling the temporal dynamics of entrepreneurial passion for founding, J. Manag. Stud., 53, 966, 10.1111/joms.12193 Dalborg, 2015, The idea is not enough: the role of self-efficacy in mediating the relationship between pull entrepreneurship and founder passion – a research note, Int. Small Bus. J., 33, 974, 10.1177/0266242614543336 De Castella, 2018, Beliefs about emotion: implications for avoidance-based emotion regulation and psychological health, Cognit. Emot., 32, 773, 10.1080/02699931.2017.1353485 Decker, 2014, The role of entrepreneurship in US job creation and economic dynamism, J. Econ. Perspect., 28, 3, 10.1257/jep.28.3.3 DeTienne, 2012, Impact of founder experience on exit intentions, Small Bus. Econ., 38, 351, 10.1007/s11187-010-9284-5 DeTienne, 2008, The fallacy of "only the strong survive": the effects of extrinsic motivation on the persistence decisions for under-performing firms, J. Bus. Ventur., 23, 528, 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007.09.004 Dyer, 1994, Toward a theory of entrepreneurial careers, Enterpren. Theor. Pract., 19, 7, 10.1177/104225879501900202 Fernet, 2016, The psychological costs of owning and managing an SME: linking job stressors, occupational loneliness, entrepreneurial orientation, and burnout, Burnout Research, 3, 45, 10.1016/j.burn.2016.03.002 Gao, 2021, Family support and entrepreneurial passion: the mediating role of entrepreneurs' psychological capital, SBP (Soc. Behav. Pers.): Int. J., 49, 1, 10.2224/sbp.9791 Gielnik, 2015, I put in effort, therefore I am passionate”: investigating the path from effort to passion in entrepreneurship, Acad. Manag. J., 58, 1012, 10.5465/amj.2011.0727 Gumpert, 1984, The loneliness of the small business owner, Harv. Bus. Rev., 62, 18 Gunia, 2020, The weary founder: sleep problems, ADHD-like tendencies, and entrepreneurial intentions, Enterpren. Theor. Pract. Guzman, 2022 Hayes, 2013 Hessels, 2018, Depression and entrepreneurial exit, Acad. Manag. Perspect., 32, 323, 10.5465/amp.2016.0183 Hmieleski, 2007, A contextual examination of new venture performance: entrepreneur leadership behavior, top management team heterogeneity, and environmental dynamism, J. Organ. Behav., 28, 865, 10.1002/job.479 Hogg, 1995, A tale of two theories: a critical comparison of identity theory with social identity theory, Soc. Psychol. Q., 58, 255, 10.2307/2787127 Holland, 2013, Deciding to persist: adversity, values, and entrepreneurs' decision policies, Enterpren. Theor. Pract., 37, 331, 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00468.x Jazaieri, 2012, A randomized trial of MBSR versus aerobic exercise for social anxiety disorder, J. Clin. Psychol., 68, 715, 10.1002/jclp.21863 Justo, 2015, Failure or voluntary exit? Reassessing the female underperformance hypothesis, J. Bus. Ventur., 30, 775, 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2015.04.004 Lerman, 2021, The (not so) dark side of entrepreneurship: a meta-analysis of the well-being and performance consequences of entrepreneurial stress, Strateg. Entrep. J., 15, 377, 10.1002/sej.1370 Lex, 2020, How passion in entrepreneurship develops over time: a self-regulation perspective, Enterpren. Theor. Pract. Lindblom, 2020, Dispositional optimism, entrepreneurial success and exit intentions: the mediating effects of life satisfaction, J. Bus. Res., 120, 230, 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.08.012 Lord, 2010, Self-regulation at work, Annu. Rev. Psychol., 61, 543, 10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100314 McGrath, 2000 Morris, 2015, A portfolio perspective on entrepreneurship and economic development, Small Bus. Econ., 45, 713, 10.1007/s11187-015-9678-5 Murnieks, 2014, Pathways of passion: identity centrality, passion, and behavior among entrepreneurs, J. Manag., 40, 1583 Palan, 2018, Prolific.ac—a subject pool for online experiments, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 17, 22, 10.1016/j.jbef.2017.12.004 Peer, 2017, Beyond the Turk: alternative platforms for crowdsourcing behavioral research, J. Exp. Soc. Psychol., 70, 153, 10.1016/j.jesp.2017.01.006 Peplau, 1982, Perspectives on loneliness Pham, 2004, The logic of feeling, J. Consum. Psychol., 14, 360, 10.1207/s15327663jcp1404_5 Pollack, 2012, The moderating role of social ties on entrepreneurs' depressed affect and withdrawal intentions in response to economic stress, J. Organ. Behav., 33, 789, 10.1002/job.1794 Saif, 2020, Need for achievement as a predictor of entrepreneurial behavior: the mediating role of entrepreneurial passion for founding and entrepreneurial interest, Int. Rev. Manag. Market., 10, 40 Sardeshmukh, 2021, Are work stressors and emotional exhaustion driving exit intentions among business owners?, J. Small Bus. Manag., 59, 544, 10.1111/jsbm.12477 Sheldon, 1999, Goal striving, need satisfaction, and logitudinal well-being: the self-concordance model, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 76, 482, 10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.482 Sheldon, 2001, Self-concordance, goal attainment, and the pursuit of happiness: can there be an upward spiral?, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 80, 152, 10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.152 Shepherd, 2010, Entrepreneurial burnout: exploring antecedents, dimensions and outcomes, Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 12, 71, 10.1108/14715201011060894 Shepherd, 2003, Learning from business failure: propositions of grief recovery for the self-employed, Acad. Manag. Rev., 28, 318, 10.2307/30040715 Shepherd, 2019, Researching the dark side, downside, and destructive side of entrepreneurship: it is the compassionate thing to do, Acad. Manag. Discov., 5, 217, 10.5465/amd.2018.0194 Sherf, 2020, I do not need feedback! Or do I? Self-efficacy, perspective taking, and feedback seeking, J. Appl. Psychol., 105, 146, 10.1037/apl0000432 Stenholm, 2016, Passionate bricoleurs and new venture survival, J. Bus. Ventur., 31, 595, 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.05.004 Sternberg, 2005, Determinants and effects of new business creation using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data, Small Bus. Econ., 24, 193, 10.1007/s11187-005-1974-z Stets, 2000, Identity theory and social identity theory, Soc. Psychol. Q., 63, 224, 10.2307/2695870 Torrès, 2022, Risk of burnout in French entrepreneurs during the COVID-19 crisis, Small Bus. Econ., 58, 717, 10.1007/s11187-021-00516-2 Wu, 2008, Psychometric analysis of the short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) in Taiwanese undergraduate students, Pers. Indiv. Differ., 44, 1762, 10.1016/j.paid.2008.02.003 Zhu, 2018, An investigation of entrepreneurs' venture persistence decision: the contingency effect of psychological ownership and adversity, Appl. Psychol., 67, 136, 10.1111/apps.12106 Zhu, 2017, To leave or not? The impact of family support and cognitive appraisals on venture exit intention, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 23, 566, 10.1108/IJEBR-04-2016-0110