Should Community College Students Earn an Associate Degree Before Transferring to a 4-Year Institution?
Tóm tắt
Using data on over 41,000 students in one state who entered community college before transferring to a 4-year institution, this study examines the following question: Are community college students who earn an associate degree before transferring to a 4-year college more likely to earn a bachelor’s degree? Due to the causal nature surrounding this question we employ several strategies to minimize selection bias, including the use of propensity score matching. Analysis reveals large, positive apparent impacts of earning the transfer-oriented associate degrees (i.e., Associate in Arts and Associate in Science) on the probability of earning a bachelor’s degree within 6 years. We do not find any apparent impacts associated with earning one of the workforce-oriented degrees (i.e., Associate in Applied Science) that are awarded by programs typically designed for direct labor market entry. This is an important distinction, as all associate degrees are not equal in their potential impacts on future baccalaureate completion.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Anderson, G. M., Alfonso, M., & Sun, J. C. (2006). Rethinking cooling out at public community colleges: An examination of fiscal and demographic trends in higher education and the rise of statewide articulation agreements. Teachers College Record, 108(3), 422–451.
Belfield, C. R., & Bailey, T. (2011). The benefits of attending community college: A review of the evidence. Community College Review, 39(1), 46–68.
Capaldi, E., Lombardi, J., & Yellen, V. (2006). Improving graduation rates: A simple method that works. Change, 38(4), 44–50.
Carlan, P. E., & Byxbe, F. R. (2000). Community colleges under the microscope: An analysis of performance predictors for native and transfer students. Community College Review, 28(2), 27–42.
Cohodes, S., & Goodman, J. (2013). Merit aid, college quality and college completion: Massachusetts’ Adams scholarship as in-kind subsidy (HKS Working Paper No. RWP13-005). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Harvard Kennedy School.
Crook, D., Chellman, C. C., & Holod, A. (2012). Does earning an associate degree lead to better baccalaureate outcomes or transfer students? (Working Paper). New York, NY: CUNY Office of Policy Research.
Cross, K. P. (1981). Adults as learners: Increasing participation and facilitating learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Crosta, P. M. (2013). Intensity and attachment: How the chaotic enrollment patterns of community college students relate to educational outcomes (CCRC Working Paper No. 60). New York, NY: Columbia University, Teachers College, Community College Research Center.
DeBoer, B., Anderson, D., & Elfessi, A. (2007). Grading styles and instructor attitudes. College Teaching, 55(2), 57–64.
Doyle, W. R. (2006). Playing the numbers: Community college transfer and college graduation: Whose choices matter most? Change, 38(3), 56–58.
Ehrenberg, R. G., & Smith, C. L. (2004). Analyzing the success of student transitions from 2- to 4-year institutions within a state. Economics of Education Review, 23(1), 11–28.
Glass, J. C. Jr., & Harrington, A. R. (2002). Academic performance of community college transfer students and “native” students at a large state university. Community College Journal of Research & Practice, 26(5), 415–430.
Goldman, R., Schmidt, D., Hewitt, B., & Fisher, R. (1974). Grading practices in different major fields. American Educational Research Journal, 11(4), 343–357.
Gross, B., & Goldhaber, D. (2009). Community college transfer and articulation policies: Looking beneath the surface (CRPE Working Paper No. 2009_1R). Seattle, WA: University of Washington Bothell, Center on Reinventing Public Education.
Hoachlander, G., Sikora, A. C., & Horn, L. (2003). Community college students: Goals, academic preparation, and outcomes (NCES 2003-164). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics.
Horn, L. & Nevill, S. (2006). Profile of undergraduates in U.S. postsecondary education institutions: 2003–2004 with a special analysis of community college students (NCES 2006-184), Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
Horn, L., & Skomsvold, P. (2011). Web tables: Community college student outcomes: 1994–2009 (NCES Publication 2012-253). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics. http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2012/2012253.pdf. Accessed 13 May 2014.
Jaeger, D., & Page, M. (1996). Degrees matter: New evidence on sheepskin effects in the returns to education. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 78(4), 733–740.
Jaggars, S., & Fletcher, J. (2014). Navigating a sea of choices: The community college student perspective (CCRC Working Paper). New York, NY: Columbia University, Teachers College, Community College Research Center. Manuscript in preparation.
Jenkins, D., & Cho, S. W. (2013). Get with the program … and finish it: Building guided pathways to accelerate student completion. New Directions for Community Colleges, 2013(164), 27–35.
Kadlec, A., & Martinez, M. (2013). Putting it all together: Strengthening pathways between comprehensives and community colleges. Prepared for the American Enterprise Institute Private Convening, “Comprehending Comprehensives.”
Koker, M., & Hendel, D. D. (2003). Predicting graduation rates for three groups of new advanced-standing cohorts. Community College Journal of Research & Practice, 27, 131–146.
Liu, Y. T., & Belfield, C. (2014). The labor market returns to for-profit higher education: Evidence for transfer students (A CAPSEE Working Paper). New York, NY: Center for Analysis of Postsecondary Education and Employment.
Lunt, M. (2014). Selecting an appropriate caliper can be essential for achieving good balance with propensity score matching. American Journal of Epidemiology, 179, 226–235.
McArthur, R. (1999). A comparison of grading patterns between full-and part-time humanities faculty: A preliminary study. Community College Review, 27(3), 65–87.
Melguizo, T., Kienzl, G. S., & Alfonso, M. (2011). Comparing the educational attainment of community college transfer students and four-year college rising juniors using propensity score matching methods. The Journal of Higher Education, 82(3), 265–291.
Person, A., Rosenbaum, J., & Deil-Amen, R. (2006). Student planning and information problems in different college structures. Teachers College Record, 108(3), 374–396.
Roksa, J., & Calcagno, J. C. (2010). Catching up in community colleges: Academic preparation and transfer to four-year institutions. Teachers College Record, 112, 260–288.
Roksa, J., & Keith, B. (2008). Credits, time, and attainment: Articulation policies and success after transfer. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 30(3), 236–254.
Rosenbaum, J., Deil-Amen, R., & Person, A. (2006). After admission: From college access to college success. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1985). Constructing a control group using multivariate matched sampling methods that incorporate the propensity score. The American Statistician, 39(1), 33–38.
Scott-Clayton, J. (2011). The shapeless river: Does a lack of structure inhibit students’ progress at community colleges? (CCRC Working Paper No. 25, Assessment of Evidence Series). New York, NY: Columbia University, Teachers College, Community College Research Center.
Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Shapiro, D., Dundar, A., Chen, J., Ziskin, M., Park, E., Torres, V., & Chiang, Y.-C. (2012). Completing college: A national view of student attainment rates (Signature Report No. 4). Herndon, VA: National Student Clearinghouse Research Center.
Shapiro, D., Dundar, A., Ziskin, M., Chiang, Y.-C., Chen, J., Harrell, A., & Torres, V. (2013). Baccalaureate attainment: A national view of the postsecondary outcomes of students who transfer from two-year to four-year institutions (Signature Report No. 5). Herndon, VA: National Student Clearinghouse Research Center.
Smith, M. (2010). Transfer and articulation policies (StateNotes). Denver, CO: Education Commission of the States.
Spence, M. (1973). Job market signaling. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87(3), 355–374.
Townsend, B. K., & Wilson, K. (2006). “A hand hold for a little bit”: Factors facilitating the success of community college transfer students to a large research university. Journal of College Student Development, 47(4), 439–456.
Wang, X. (2009). Baccalaureate attainment and college persistence of community college transfer students at four-year institutions. Research in Higher Education, 50(6), 570–588.
Wang, X. (2012). Factors contributing to the upward transfer of baccalaureate aspirants beginning at community colleges. The Journal of Higher Education, 83(6), 851–875.
