Shot by the Messenger: Partisan Cues and Public Opinion Regarding National Security and War

Bacon, P., Jr. (2006). Can Lieberman survive Iraq? Time, (June), 25. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1207783,00.html .

Baum, M. A. (2002). The constituent foundations of the rally-round-the-flag phenomenon. International Studies Quarterly, 46, 263–298. doi: 10.1111/1468-2478.00232 .

Baum, M. A., & Groeling, T. (forthcoming). War stories: The causes and consequences of citizen views of War. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Baum, M. A., & Gussin, P. (2008). In the eye of the beholder: How information shortcuts shape individual perceptions of bias in the media. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 3(1), 1–31. doi: 10.1561/100.00007010 .

Beaumont, T. (2005). Iowa’s top statesmen have low U.S. profile. The Des Moines Register, Online Edition, October 10. http://nl.newsbank.com .

Bowers, C. (2007). Action: Freeze out Fox News. Posted to MyDD.com February 21, 2007 http://www.mydd.com/story/2007/2/21/131213/634 .

Brody, R. (1991). Assessing presidential character. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Calvert, R. (1985). The value of biased information: A rational choice model of political advice. The Journal of Politics, 47, 530–555. doi: 10.2307/2130895 .

Canes-Wrone, B. (2006). Who leads whom? Presidents, policy, and the public. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

CBS/New York Times. (2006). The Connecticut Democratic primary. Exit poll (8/9/06). http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/CBSNews_polls/ctexitpoll.pdf .

Cox, G., & Magar, E. (1999). How much is majority status in the U.S. Congress worth? The American Political Science Review, 93, 299–309. doi: 10.2307/2585397 .

Cox, G., & McCubbins, M. (1993). Legislative leviathan. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.

Crawford, V., & Sobel, J. (1982). Strategic information transmission. Econometrica, 50, 1431–1451. doi: 10.2307/1913390 .

Dailykos.com. (2006). Nationalizing ‘The Kiss’ (8/11/06). http://www.dailykos.com/storyonly/2006/8/11/1801/33929 .

Druckman, J. N. (2001a). On the limits of framing effects. The Journal of Politics, 63, 1041–1066. doi: 10.1111/0022-3816.00100 .

Druckman, J. N. (2001b). Using credible advice to overcome framing effects. Journal of Law Economics and Organization, 17, 62–82. doi: 10.1093/jleo/17.1.62 .

Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Chaiken, S. (1978). Causal inferences about communicators, and their effect on opinion change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 424–435. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.36.4.424 .

Edwards, G. C., III. (1983). The public presidency. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Edwards, G. C., III, & Swenson, T. (1997). Who rallies? The Journal of Politics, 59, 200–212. doi: 10.2307/2998222 .

Eichenberg, R. (2005). Victory has many friends: U.S. public opinion and the use of military force, 1981–2005. International Security, 30, 140–177. doi: 10.1162/0162288054894616 .

Feaver, P. D., & Gelpi, C. (2004). Choosing your battles: American civil-military relations and the use of force. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

Gartner, S. S., & Segura, G. M. (2000). Race, casualties, and opinion in the Vietnam war. The Journal of Politics, 62, 115–146. doi: 10.1111/0022-3816.00006 .

Graber, D. (1997). Mass media and American politics. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.

Groeling, T. (2001). When politicians attack: The causes, contours, and consequences of partisan political communication. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, San Diego.

Groeling, T., & Baum, M. A. (2008). Crossing the water’s edge: Elite rhetoric, media coverage, and the rally-round-the-flag phenomenon. The Journal of Politics, 70(October).

Hamilton, J. T. (2003). All the news that’s fit to sell: How the market transforms information into news. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Herrmann, R., Voss, J., Schooler, T., & Ciarrochi, J. (1997). Images in international relations: An experimental test of cognitive schema. International Studies Quarterly, 41, 403–433. doi: 10.1111/0020-8833.00050 .

Holsti, O. (2004). Public opinion and American foreign policy. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.

Hurwitz, J., & Peffley, M. (1987). How are foreign policy attitudes structured? A hierarchical model. The American Political Science Review, 81, 1099–1120. doi: 10.2307/1962580 .

Jacobson, G. C. (2006). A divider, not a uniter. New York: Pearson Longman.

Jentleson, B. W. (1992). The pretty prudent public: Post post-Vietnam American opinion on the use of military force. International Studies Quarterly, 36, 49–74. doi: 10.2307/2600916 .

Jentleson, B. W., & Britton, R. L. (1998). Still pretty prudent: Post-cold war American public opinion on the use of military force. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 42, 395–417. doi: 10.1177/0022002798042004001 .

King, G., Tomz, M., & Wittenberg, J. (2000). Making the most of statistical analyses: Improving interpretation and presentation. American Journal of Political Science, 44, 341–355. doi: 10.2307/2669316 .

Koeske, G., & Crano, W. (1968). The effect of congruous and incongruous source-statement combinations upon the judged credibility of a communication. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 4, 384–399. doi: 10.1016/0022-1031(68)90065-6 .

Kuhberger, A. (1998). The influence of framing on risky decisions: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 75, 23–55. doi: 10.1006/obhd.1998.2781 .

Kuklinski, J., & Hurley, N. (1994). On hearing and interpreting political messages: A cautionary tale of citizen cue-taking. The Journal of Politics, 56, 729–751. doi: 10.2307/2132190 .

Kull, S., & Ramsey, C. (2001). The myth of the reactive public. In P. Everts & P. Isneria (Eds.), Public opinion and the international use of force. London: Routledge.

Larson, E. V. (2000). Putting theory to work: Diagnosing public opinion on the US intervention in Bosnia. In M. Nincic & J. Lepgold (Eds.), Being useful: Policy relevance and international relations theory (pp. 174–233). Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.

Lupia, A., & McCubbins, M. (1998). The democratic dilemma: Can citizens learn what they need to know? New York: Cambridge University Press.

Mayhew, D. (1974). Congress: The electoral connection. New Haven: Yale University Press.

McCormack, M., Whitlock, S., & Noyes, R. (2006). The Iraq war on cable TV. Media Research Center report. http://www.mrc.org/SpecialReports/2006/IraqWarCableTV/report121906_p1.asp .

Morgan, T. C., & Bickers, K. N. (1992). Domestic discontent and the external use of force. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 36(1), 25–52. doi: 10.1177/0022002792036001002 .

Mueller, J. E. (1973). War, presidents and public opinion. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

National Security Council. (NSC). (1997). A national security strategy for a new century. http://clinton2.nara.gov/WH/EOP/NSC/Strategy .

National Security Council. (NSC). (2005). National strategy for victory in Iraq. http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/iraq/iraq_strategy_nov2005.html .

Nelson, T., & Garst, J. (2005). Values-based political messages and persuasion: Relationships among speaker, recipient, and evoked values. Political Psychology, 26, 489–516. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00428.x .

Oneal, J. R., Lian, B., & Joyner, J. H., Jr. (1996). Are the American people pretty prudent? Public responses to U.S. uses of force, 1950–1988. International Studies Quarterly, 40, 261–280. doi: 10.2307/2600959 .

Pew Research Center. (2005). News interest/media update. Washington, DC: Pew (June).

Pew Research Center. (2006). News interest/believability survey. Washington, DC: Pew (June).

Popkin, S. (1994). The reasoning voter (2nd ed.). New York: Univ. of Chicago Press.

Project for Excellence in Journalism (PEJ). (2005). 2005 annual report—cable TV content analysis. http://www.journalism.org/node/709 .

Rahn, W. (1993). The role of partisan stereotypes in information processing about political candidates. American Journal of Political Science, 37, 472–496. doi: 10.2307/2111381 .

Sears, D. (1986). College sophomores in the laboratory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 515–530. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.51.3.515 .

Sniderman, P., Brody, R., & Tetlock, P. (1991). Reasoning and choice: Explorations in political psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sobel, R. (1993). What have we learned about public opinion in U.S. foreign policy. In Richard Sobel (Ed.), Public opinion in U.S. foreign policy: The controversy over contra aid (pp. 269–278). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

Spence, A. Michael. (1973). Market signaling. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Tuchman, G. (1972). Making news: A study in the construction of reality. New York: MacMillan.

Walster, E., Aronson, E., & Abrahams, D. (1966). On increasing the persuasiveness of a low prestige communicator. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 325–342. doi: 10.1016/0022-1031(66)90026-6 .

Whitcomb, D. (2007). Democrats cancel Fox News debate. Reuters.com. March 9, 2007. http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN0918742820070310 .

Zaller, J. (1992). The nature and origins of mass opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.