Short-Term Memory for Serial Order: The Start-End Model

Anders, 1971, Retrieval time in forward and backward recall, Psychonomic Science, 22, 205, 10.3758/BF03332570 Anderson, 1997, A production system theory of serial memory, Psychological Review, 104, 728, 10.1037/0033-295X.104.4.728 Atkinson, 1968, Human memory: a proposed system and its control processes, 10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60422-3 Baddeley, 1968, How does acoustic similarity influence short-term memory?, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20, 249, 10.1080/14640746808400159 Baddeley, 1986 Baddeley, 1965, Predictability and immediate memory for consonant sequences, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 17, 175, 10.1080/17470216508416429 Baddeley, 1979, Prefix and suffix effects: Do they have a common basis?, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18, 129, 10.1016/S0022-5371(79)90082-3 Baddeley, 1984, Exploring the articulatory loop, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 36A, 233, 10.1080/14640748408402157 Baddeley, 1971, Short term forgetting in the absence of proactive interference, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 23, 275, 10.1080/14640746908401822 Baddeley, 1975, Word length and the structure of short-term memory, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 575, 10.1016/S0022-5371(75)80045-4 Bjork, 1974, Short-term order and item retention, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 80, 10.1016/S0022-5371(74)80033-2 Bjork, 1974, Recency-sensitive retrieval processes in long-term free recall, Cognitive Psychology, 6, 173, 10.1016/0010-0285(74)90009-7 Bower, 1971, Adaptation-level coding of stimuli and serial position effects, 175 Bower, 1970, Pauses as recording points in letter strings, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 83, 421, 10.1037/h0028863 Broadbent, 1980, Modality differences in relation to grouping in immediate recall, British Journal of Psychology, 71, 475, 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1980.tb01761.x Brooks, 1990, Further evidence for the intricacy of memory span, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 16, 1134 Brown, 1958, Some tests of the decay theory of immediate memory, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 10, 12, 10.1080/17470215808416249 Brown, G. D. A. Preece, T. Hulme, C. Oscillator-based memory for serial order, Psychological Review Burgess, 1992, Toward a network model of the articulatory loop, Journal of Memory and Language, 31, 429, 10.1016/0749-596X(92)90022-P Burgess, N. Hitch, G. 1996, Memory for serial order: A network model of the phonological loop and its timing Campbell, 1980, Hearing by eye, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 85, 10.1080/00335558008248235 Conrad, 1959, Errors of immediate memory, British Journal of Psychology, 50, 349, 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1959.tb00714.x Conrad, 1960, Serial order intrusions in immediate memory, British Journal of Psychology, 51, 45, 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1960.tb00723.x Conrad, 1965, Order error in immediate recall of sequences, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 4, 161, 10.1016/S0022-5371(65)80015-9 Conrad, 1967, Interference or decay over short-retention intervals?, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6, 49, 10.1016/S0022-5371(67)80048-3 Conrad, 1964, Information, acoustic confusion and memory span, British Journal of Psychology, 55, 429, 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1964.tb00928.x Conrad, 1968, Input modality and the serial position curve in short-term memory, Psychonomic Science, 10, 135, 10.3758/BF03331446 Corballis, 1967, Serial order in recognition and recall, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74, 99, 10.1037/h0024500 Cowan, 1993, Activation, attention and short-term memory, Memory & Cognition, 21, 162, 10.3758/BF03202728 Cowan, 1992, The role of verbal output time in the effects of word length on immediate memory, Journal of Memory and Language, 31, 1, 10.1016/0749-596X(92)90002-F Crannell, 1957, A comparison of immediate memory span for digits, letters and words, The Journal of Psychology, 44, 319, 10.1080/00223980.1957.9713089 Crowder, 1967, Prefix effects in immediate memory, Canadian Journal of Psychology, 21, 450, 10.1037/h0082997 Crowder, 1978, Mechanisms of auditory backward masking in the stimulus suffix effect, Psychological Review, 85, 502, 10.1037/0033-295X.85.6.502 Crowder, 1979, Similarity and order in memory, 319 Crowder, 1993, Short-term memory: where do we stand?, Memory & Cognition, 21, 142, 10.3758/BF03202725 Crowder, 1969, Precategorical acoustic storage, Perception & Psychophysics, 5, 365, 10.3758/BF03210660 Cunningham, 1984, Effects of repetition on short-term retention of order information, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 10, 575 Drewnowski, 1980, Attributes and priorities in short-term recall: a new model of memory span, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109, 208, 10.1037/0096-3445.109.2.208 Drewnowski, 1980, The role of auditory features in memory span for words, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 319 Ebbinghaus, 1964 Ellis, 1980, Errors in speech and short-term memory: the effects of phonemic similarity and syllable position, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 624, 10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90672-6 Elman, 1990, Finding structure in time, Cognitive Science, 14, 179, 10.1207/s15516709cog1402_1 Estes, 1972, An associative basis for coding and organisation in memory, 161 Estes, 1973, Phonemic coding and rehearsal in short-term memory for letter strings, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 360, 10.1016/S0022-5371(73)80015-5 Estes, 1991, On types of item coding and sources of recall in short-term memory, 175 Farrand, 1996, Direction of report in spatial and verbal serial short-term memory, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49A, 140, 10.1080/713755611 Frankish, C. R. 1974, Organisational factors in short-term memory Frankish, 1985, Modality-specific grouping effects in short-term memory, Journal of Memory and Language, 24, 200, 10.1016/0749-596X(85)90024-5 Frankish, 1989, Perceptual organisation and precategorical acoustic storage, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 15, 469 Frankish, 1996, Auditory short-term memory and the perception of speech, 101 Frankish, 1984, Delayed suffix effect at very short delays, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 10, 767 Frick, 1988, The role of memory in attenuations of the suffix effect, Memory & Cognition, 16, 15, 10.3758/BF03197741 Frick, 1989, Explanations of grouping in immediate ordered recall, Memory & Cognition, 17, 551, 10.3758/BF03197078 Frick, 1986, The suffix effect and preattentive unit-formation in visual short-term memory, Canadian Journal of Psychology, 40, 97, 10.1037/h0080093 Fuchs, 1969, Recall for order and content of serial word lists in short-term memory, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 82, 14, 10.1037/h0028046 Gathercole, 1996, Interactive processes in phonological memory, 73 Glenberg, 1990, Common processes underlie enhanced recency effects for auditory and changing state stimuli, Memory & Cognition, 18, 638, 10.3758/BF03197106 Glenberg, 1986, A temporal distinctiveness theory of recency and modality effects, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 12, 3 Greene, 1986, Sources of recency effects in free recall, Psychological Bulletin, 99, 221, 10.1037/0033-2909.99.2.221 Greene, 1989, Immediate serial recall of mixed-modality lists, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 15, 266 Greene, 1988, Memory for serial position: effects of spacing, vocalisation and stimulus suffixes, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 14, 740 Grossberg, 1978, Behavioral contrast in short-term memory: serial binary memory models or parallel continuous memory models?, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 17, 199, 10.1016/0022-2496(78)90016-0 Hanley, 1987, The effect of unattended speech on serial recall following auditory presentation, British Journal of Psychology, 78, 287, 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1987.tb02247.x Hartley, 1996, A linguistically constrained model of short-term memory for nonwords, Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 1, 10.1006/jmla.1996.0001 Healy, 1974, Separating item from order information in short-term memory, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 644, 10.1016/S0022-5371(74)80052-6 Healy, 1977, Pattern coding of spatial order information in short-term memory, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16, 419, 10.1016/S0022-5371(77)80037-6 Healy, 1982, Short-term memory for order information, 191 Healy, 1991, Comparing short-term recall of item, temporal and spatial information in children and adults, 175 Healy, 1987, Effects of cuing on short-term retention of order information, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 13, 413 Healy, 1996, Verbal learning and memory: does the modal model still work?, Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 143, 10.1146/annurev.psych.47.1.143 Hendrikx, 1984, Effects of grouping on recall latency, Acta Psychologica, 55, 1, 10.1016/0001-6918(84)90056-8 Henson, R. N. A. Item repetition in short-term memory: Ranschburg repeated, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition Henson, R. N. A. 1996, Short-term memory for serial order Henson, R. N. A. 1997, Positional information in short-term memory: Relative or absolute? Henson, 1996, Unchained memory: error patterns rule out chaining models of immediate serial recall, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49A, 80, 10.1080/713755612 Hintzman, 1968, Articulatory coding in short-term memory, Psychonomic Science, 3, 161, 10.3758/BF03343073 Hintzman, 1986, “Schema abstraction” in a multiple-trace memory model, Psychological Review, 93, 411, 10.1037/0033-295X.93.4.411 Hintzman, 1973, Contextual associations and memory for serial position, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 97, 220, 10.1037/h0033884 Hitch, 1974, Short-term memory for spatial and temporal information, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 26, 503, 10.1080/14640747408400440 Hitch, 1996, Temporal grouping effects in immediate recall: a working memory analysis, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49A, 116, 10.1080/713755609 Hitch, 1975, The unimportance of explicit spatial information in serial recall of visually presented lists, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27, 161, 10.1080/14640747508400476 Houghton, 1990, The problem of serial order: A neural network model of sequence learning and recall, 287 Houghton, 1996, Inhibitory mechanisms of neural and cognitive control: applications to selective attention and sequential action, Brain & Cognition, 30, 20, 10.1006/brcg.1996.0003 Hulme, 1991, Memory for familiar and unfamiliar words: evidence for a long-term memory contribution to short-term memory span, Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 685, 10.1016/0749-596X(91)90032-F Hulme, 1995, The role of long-term memory mechanisms in memory span, British Journal of Psychology, 86, 527, 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1995.tb02570.x Jahnke, 1969, The Ranschburg effect, Psychological Review, 76, 592, 10.1037/h0028148 Jahnke, 1989, Position and order information in recognition memory, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 15, 859 Johnson, 1991, A distinctiveness model of serial learning, Psychological Review, 98, 204, 10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.204 Johnson, 1972, Organisation and the concept of a memory code, 125 Jones, 1995, Functional equivalence of verbal and spatial information in serial short-term memory, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 21, 1008 Jones, 1993, Irrelevant tones produce an irrelevant speech effect: implications for phonological coding in working memory, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 19, 369 Jones, 1995, Organisational factors in the effect of irrelevant speech: the role of spatial location and timing, Memory & Cognition, 23, 192, 10.3758/BF03197221 Jordan, 1986 Kahneman, 1973 Keppel, 1962, Proactive inhibition in short-term retention of single items, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1, 153, 10.1016/S0022-5371(62)80023-1 Kidd, 1988, Attention, rehearsal, and memory for serial order, American Journal of Psychology, 101, 259, 10.2307/1422838 Lashley, 1951, The problem of serial order in behavior, 112 LeCompte, 1995, Grouping in primary memory: the case of the compound suffix, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 21, 96 Lee, 1977, Order and position in primary memory for letter strings, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Memory, 16, 395, 10.1016/S0022-5371(77)80036-4 Lee, 1981, Item and order information in short-term memory: evidence for multilevel perturbation processes, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7, 149 Levelt, 1989 Lewandowsky, 1994, Memory for serial order revisited, Psychological Review, 101, 539, 10.1037/0033-295X.101.3.539 Lewandowsky, 1989, Memory for serial order, Psychological Review, 96, 25, 10.1037/0033-295X.96.1.25 Li, 1995, Forward and backward recall: different retrieval processes, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 21, 837 Macken, 1995, Functional characteristics of the inner voice and the inner ear: single or double agency?, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 21, 436 Madigan, 1971, Modality and recall order interactions in short-term memory for serial order, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 87, 294, 10.1037/h0030549 Madigan, 1980, The serial position curve in immediate serial recall, Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 15, 335, 10.3758/BF03334550 Mandler, 1971, Temporal and spatial cues in seriation, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 90, 128, 10.1037/h0031342 Margrain, 1967, Short-term memory as a function of input modality, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 19, 109, 10.1080/14640746708400079 Marks, 1997, Temporal distinctiveness and modality, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 23, 164 Martin, 1974, Serial learning: a multilevel access analysis, Memory & Cognition, 2, 322, 10.3758/BF03209003 McElree, 1989, Serial position and set size in short-term memory: the time course of recognition, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 346, 10.1037/0096-3445.118.4.346 McNicol, 1975, Fixed and random address models for storing order in short-term memory, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27, 273, 10.1080/14640747508400486 McNicol, 1978, Initial codes for order in memory, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 30, 681, 10.1080/14640747808400693 McNicol, 1986, Representation of order information: an analysis of grouping effects in short-term memory, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 76, 10.1037/0096-3445.115.1.76 Melton, 1963, Implications of short-term memory for a general theory of memory, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2, 1, 10.1016/S0022-5371(63)80063-8 Mewhort, 1994, On serial recall: A critique of chaining in the Theory of Distributed Associative Memory, Psychological Review, 101, 534, 10.1037/0033-295X.101.3.534 Miller, 1994, The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information, Psychological Review, 101, 343, 10.1037/0033-295X.101.2.343 Monsell, 1978, Recency, immediate recognition memory and reaction time, Cognitive Psychology, 10, 465, 10.1016/0010-0285(78)90008-7 Morton, 1976, Two mechanisms in the stimulus suffix effect, Memory & Cognition, 4, 144, 10.3758/BF03213156 Murdock, 1960, The distinctiveness of stimuli, Psychological Review, 67, 16, 10.1037/h0042382 Murdock, 1968, Serial order effects in short-term memory, Journal of Experimental Psychology Monograph Supplement, 76, 1, 10.1037/h0025694 Murdock, 1969, Where or when: Modality effects as a function of temporal or spatial distribution of information, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8, 378, 10.1016/S0022-5371(69)80129-5 Murdock, 1974 Murdock, 1983, A distributed model for serial-order information, Psychological Review, 90, 316, 10.1037/0033-295X.90.4.316 Murdock, 1993, TODAM2: A model for the storage and retrieval of item, associative, and serial-order information, Psychological Review, 100, 183, 10.1037/0033-295X.100.2.183 Murdock, 1995, Developing TODAM: Three models for serial order information, Memory & Cognition, 23, 631, 10.3758/BF03197264 Murray, 1967, The role of speech responses in short-term memory, Canadian Journal of Psychology, 21, 263, 10.1037/h0082978 Nairne, 1990, A feature model of immediate memory, Memory & Cognition, 18, 251, 10.3758/BF03213879 Nairne, 1991, Positional uncertainty in long-term memory, Memory & Cognition, 19, 332, 10.3758/BF03197136 Nairne, 1992, Spatial and temporal uncertainty in long-term memory, Journal of Memory & Language, 31, 396, 10.1016/0749-596X(92)90020-X Nairne, 1994, Critique of the retrieval/deblurring assumptions of the theory of distributed associative memory, Psychological Review, 101, 528, 10.1037/0033-295X.101.3.528 Nairne, 1995, Symmetrical cuing effetcs for item and position information, American Journal of Psychology, 108, 345, 10.2307/1422894 Neath, 1993, Contextual and distinctive processes in the serial position function, Journal of Memory and Language, 32, 820, 10.1006/jmla.1993.1041 Neath, 1990, Schedules of presentation and temporal distinctiveness in human memory, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 16, 316 Neath, 1996, Distinctiveness and very short-term serial position effects, Memory, 4, 225, 10.1080/09658211.1996.9753032 Neath, 1993, The context-dependent stimulus suffix effect, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 19, 698 Nelson, 1980, Immediate memory for spatial location, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 529 Nosofsky, 1986, Attention, similarity, and the identification-categorisation relationship, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 39, 10.1037/0096-3445.115.1.39 Page, 1994, Modelling the perception of musical sequences with self-organising neural networks, Connection Science, 6, 223, 10.1080/09540099408915725 Page, M. P. A. Norris, D. G. The primacy model: a new model of immediate serial recall, Psychological Review Penney, 1978, Suffix effect in lists of temporally grouped words, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 30, 235, 10.1080/14640747808400672 Penney, 1985, Elimination of the suffix effect on preterminal items with unpredictable list length: evidence for a dual model of suffix effects, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 11, 229 Penney, 1989, Modality effects and the structure of short-term verbal memory, Memory and Cognition, 17, 398, 10.3758/BF03202613 Peterson, 1971, Some effects of minimizing articulation on short-term retention, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 10, 346, 10.1016/S0022-5371(71)80033-6 Peterson, 1959, Short-term retention of individual verbal items, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193, 10.1037/h0049234 Pollack, 1959, Running memory span, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57, 137, 10.1037/h0046137 Ratcliff, 1981, A theory of order relations in perceptual matching, Psychological Review, 88, 552, 10.1037/0033-295X.88.6.552 Reitman, 1974, Without surreptitious rehearsal, information in short-term memory decays, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 365, 10.1016/S0022-5371(74)80015-0 Ryan, 1969, Grouping and short-term memory: different means and patterns of grouping, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21, 137, 10.1080/14640746908400206 Salame, 1982, Disruption of short-term memory by unattended speech: implications for the structure of working memory, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 21, 150, 10.1016/S0022-5371(82)90521-7 Sanders, 1975, Some remarks on short-term memory, 241 Sanders, 1978, Proactive interference in immediate serial recall, Acta Psychologica, 42, 29, 10.1016/0001-6918(78)90041-0 Schweikert, 1986, Sort-term memory capacity: magic number seven or magic spell?, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 16, 419 Seamon, 1977, Retrieval process for serial order information, Memory & Cognition, 5, 709, 10.3758/BF03197420 Shiffrin, 1978, Short-term forgetting of item and order information, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17, 189, 10.1016/S0022-5371(78)90146-9 Slamecka, 1985, Ebbinghaus: some associations, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 11, 414 Smyth, 1996, Serial order in spatial immediate memory, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49A, 159, 10.1080/713755615 Sternberg, 1967, Retrieval of contextual information from memory, Psychonomic Science, 8, 55, 10.3758/BF03330664 Sternberg, 1969, Memory scanning: mental processes revealed by reaction time experiments, American Scientist, 57, 421 Surprenant, 1993, Auditory recency in immediate memory, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46A, 193, 10.1080/14640749308401044 Tehan, 1995, Transient phonemic codes and immunity to proactive interference, Memory & Cognition, 23, 181, 10.3758/BF03197220 Treiman, 1988, Short-term memory errors for spoken syllables are affected by linguistic structure of the syllables, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 14, 145 Watkins, 1977, The intricacy of memory span, Memory & Cognition, 5, 529, 10.3758/BF03197396 Watkins, 1974, The modality effect in free and serial recall as a function of phonological similarity, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 430, 10.1016/S0022-5371(74)80021-6 Wickelgren, 1965, Short-term memory for phonemically similar lists, American Journal of Psychology, 78, 567, 10.2307/1420917 Wickelgren, 1966, Associative intrusions in short-term recall, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72, 853, 10.1037/h0023884 Wickelgren, 1967, Rehearsal grouping and hierarchical organization of serial position cues in short-term memory, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 19, 97, 10.1080/14640746708400077 Wickelgren, 1969, Context-sensitive coding, associative memory, and serial order in (speech) behavior, Psychological Review, 76, 1, 10.1037/h0026823 Young, 1968, Serial learning, 122