Shear induced structures and transformations in complex fluids

Bird, 1990, 276 Hayter, 1984, Use of viscous shear alignment to study anisotropic micellar structure by small-angle neutron scattering, J Phys Chem, 88, 4589, 10.1021/j150664a030 Jackson CL, Morrison FA, Nakatani AI, Mays JW, Muthukumar M, Barnes KA, Han CC. Shear-induced changes in the order–disorder transition-temperature and the morphology of a triblock copolymer. In: Flow-induced Structure in Polymers ACS Symposium Series 597 Washington, DC. Nakatani AI, Dadmun MD, editors : Am Chem Soc 1995, 233–245. Phase transition temperature shifts of up to 20C are reported. Kalus, 1989, Correlations in micellar solutions under shear: A small-angle neutron scattering study of the chain surfactant n-hexadecyloctyldimethylammonium bromide, J Phys Chem, 93, 4267, 10.1021/j100347a071 Morrison, 1993, Shear-induced morphological structures in triblock copolymers, Macromolecules, 26, 5271, 10.1021/ma00071a049 Balzer, 1995, Viscoelasticity of personal care products, Colloid Interface Sci A, 99, 233 Hanley, 1997, Structure of macromolecular systems under shear: application of neutron scattering, Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci, 2, 635, 10.1016/S1359-0294(97)80057-X Baker, 1998, Shear effects on the geometry of polystyrene–polyethylene oxide copolymers at the solid–solvent interface, Physica B, 241-243, 1041, 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00844-2 Butler PD. •Near surface small angle scattering as a means of probing the effects of fluid flow on surfactant aggregates near a solid surface. In: ACS Symposium Series 736. Warr GG, Manne S, editors: Supramolecular Structures in Confined Geometries, Chap 5. Washington, DC: Am Chem Soc, 1999:in press. And references therein. A review of the technique of near-surface SANS and the effects of the proximity of a surface on a flowing micellar solution. An area which, in the unbiased opinion of this author, is too often neglected in studying complex systems under flow. Hamilton WA, Butler PD, Hayter JB, Magid LJ, Kreke PJ. Over the horizon SANS’: Measurements of near-surface Poiseuille shear ordering of dilute solutions of thread-like micelles. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Surface X-Ray and Neutron Scattering; Physica B 1996, 221:309–319. Berret, 1997, Inhomogeneous shear flows of worm-like micelles: A master dynamic phase diagram, Phys Rev E, 55, 1668, 10.1103/PhysRevE.55.1668 Porte, 1997, Inhomogenious flows of complex fluids: Mechanical instability versus non-equilibrium phase transition, J Phys II France, 7, 459, 10.1051/jp2:1997138 Berret, 1997, Transient Rheology of worm-like micelles, Langmuir, 13, 2227, 10.1021/la961078p Lerouge, 1998, Shear banding in a micellar solution under transient flow, Phys Rev Lett, 81, 5457, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.5457 Hofmann, 1998, Shear-induced micellar structures in ternary surfactant mixtures: the influence of the structure of the micellar interface, J Phys Chem B, 102, 5614, 10.1021/jp980339w Hartmann, 1998, Occurrence of shear thickening in aqueous micellar solutions of CTAB with some added organic counterions, Colloid Polym Sci, 276, 169, 10.1007/s003960050225 Cappelaere, 1997, Rheology, birefringence, and small-angle neutron scattering in a charged micellar system: evidence of a shear-induced phase transition, Phys Rev E, 56, 1869, 10.1103/PhysRevE.56.1869 Cappelaere, 1997, Shear binding structure in viscoelastic micellar solutions, Colloid Polym Sci, 275, 407, 10.1007/s003960050098 Berret, 1998, Structure and rheology of concentrated worm-like micelles at the shear-induced isotropic-to-nematic transition, Eur Phys J B, 5, 67, 10.1007/s100510050420 Keller, 1998, Direct observation of shear-induced structures in worm-like micellar solutions by freeze-fracture electron microscopy, Phys Rev Lett The first report of direct visualization of the shear-induced structures in a shear thickening fluid. It should be noted however, that the time to ‘freeze’ a sample is on the order of 1/4 to 1/3 the stated relaxation time and the objects seen may be transients between the SIS and the quiescent structures., 80, 2725 Berret, 1998, Flow–structure relationship of shear-thickening surfactant solutions, Europhys Lett, 41, 677, 10.1209/epl/i1998-00213-1 Boltenhagen P, Hu Y, Matthys EF, Pine DJ. •Observation of bulk phase separation and coexistence in a sheared micellar solution. Phys Rev Lett 1997, 79:2359–2362. Nice study of a shear thickening fluid combining light scattering microscopy and rheology to understand the behavior of the shear thickening state. Demonstrates VERY nicely why the standard strain controlled scattering shear devices are inadequate when trying to understand these complex phenomena. Hu, 1998, Shear thickening in low-concentration solutions of worm-like micelles. I. Direct visualization of transient behavior and phase transitions, J Rheol, 42, 1185, 10.1122/1.550926 Hu, 1998, Shear thickening in low-concentration solutions of worm-like micelles. H. Slip, fracture, and stability of the shear-induced phase, J Rheol, 42, 1209, 10.1122/1.550917 Kadoma, 1998, Flow-induced nematic string phase in semidilute worm-like micelle solutions, Phys Rev Lett, 80, 5679, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.5679 Kadoma, 1997, Shear-enhanced orientation and concentration fluctuations in worm-like micelles: effect of salt, Langmuir, 13, 4551, 10.1021/la970137b Kadoma IA, Ylitalo C, van Egmond JW. Structural transitions in worm-like micelles. Rheol Acta 1997, 36:1–12. This interesting work uses Rheological measurements, flow birefringence and small angle light scattering to probe the effect of shear on a CTAB/Na Salicylate system in the excess salt regime where highly branched micelles dominate. Complex behavior and novel scattering patterns are interpreted by postulating the existence of a ‘string phase’ consisting of bundles of rod-like micelles. Ugaz, 1998, X-Ray scattering investigation of highly concentrated poly(benzyl glutamate) solutions under shear flow, J Rheol, 42, 379, 10.1122/1.550956 Hongladarom, 1998, Molecular orientation, ‘Region I’ shear thinning and the cholesteric phase in aqueous hydroxypropylcellulose under shear, Rheol Acta, 37, 46, 10.1007/s003970050089 Ugaz, 1997, Origins of Region I shear thinning in model lyotropic liquid crystalline polymers, Macromolecules, 30, 1527, 10.1021/ma961759r Burghardt, 1998, Molecular orientation and rheology in sheared lyotropic liquid crystalline polymers, Macromolec Chem Phys, 199, 471, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3935(19980401)199:4<471::AID-MACP471>3.0.CO;2-9 Walker, 1997, In situ analysis of the defect texture in liquid crystal polymer solutions under shear, Macromolecules, 30, 508, 10.1021/ma960590e Ugaz, 1998, In situ X-ray scattering study of a model thermotropic copolyester under shear: evidence and consequences of flow-aligning behavior, Macromolecules, 31, 8474, 10.1021/ma981215k Dadmun, 1998, The flow-induced structure in a thermotropic liquid-crystalline polymer as studied by SANS, J Polym Sci: Polym Phys, 36, 3017, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(199812)36:17<3017::AID-POLB2>3.0.CO;2-7 Cinader, 1998, Mixed orientation state induced by expansion flow of a thermotropic liquid-crystalline polymer, Macromolecules, 31, 9099, 10.1021/ma981139l Mather, 1997, Rheo-optical evidence of a flow-induced isotropic-nematic transition in a thermotropic liquid-crystalline polymer, Macromolecules, 30, 7977, 10.1021/ma970737h Andresen, 1998, Orientational behaviour of thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystal polymer systems under shear flow, Europhys Lett, 43, 296, 10.1209/epl/i1998-00355-6 Cinader DK, Burghardt WR. •X-Ray scattering studies of orientation in channel flows of a lyotropic liquid crystalline polymer. Polymer 1999, 4169–4180. The authors describe a novel slit flow X-ray shear cell with both contraction and expansion which produces flows more akin to those found in polymer processing. How this complicated mixed flow state affects the orientation of a model LCP in various parts of the shear flow as a function both of the distance from the contraction/expansion point and in the transverse direction, as a function of the distance from the walls is discussed and quantified. Zipfel J, Berghausen J, Lindner P, Richtering W. •Influence of shear on lyotropic lamellar phases with different membrane defects. J Phys Chem B 1999, 103:2841–2849. This work uses an SDS/decanol/water system to examine the two flip transitions and attempts to relate them to the nature and quantity of defects in the quiescent lamellar. They show in one shear phase diagram all the transitions normally seen in lamellar systems. A good review of the relevant literature is included. Sierro, 1997, Structure of a lyotropic lamellar phase under shear, Phys Rev Lett, 78, 1496, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.1496 Panizza, 1998, A dynamic study of onion phases under shear flow: size changes, Eur Phys J B, 4, 65, 10.1007/s100510050352 Wang, 1997, Undulations and disorder in block copolymer lamellae under shear flow, Macromolecules, 30, 982, 10.1021/ma961269z Mang, 1997, Lyotropic liquid crystals under simple Couette and oscillatory shear, Mol Cryst Liq Cryst, 303, 255, 10.1080/10587259708039432 Zryd, 1998, Steady and oscillatory shear flow alignment dynamics in a lamellar diblock copolymer solution, Macromolecules, 31, 3656, 10.1021/ma971091w Hamley, 1999, Shear-induced layer alignment in the smectic phase of a side chain liquid crystal polymer, Polymer, 40, 3599, 10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00537-0 Penfold, 1997, Shear-induced structures in concentrated surfactant micellar phases, J Appl Cryst, 30, 744, 10.1107/S0021889897001623 Penfold, 1997, Shear-induced transformations in the lamellar phase of hexaethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether, J Phys Chem B, 101, 66, 10.1021/jp9622851 Kitade S, Ochiai N, Takahashi Y, Noda I, Matsushita Y, Alamgir K, Nakatani AI, Kim Hongdoo, Han C. Lamellar orientation of diblock copolymer solutions under steady shear flow. Macromolecules 1998, 31:8083–8090. Zipfel J, Lindner P, Tsianou M, Alexandridis P, Richtering W. •Shear-induced formation of multilamellar vesicles (‘onions’) in block copolymers. Langmuir 1999, 15:2599–2602. The first observation of a shear-induced onion phase in a block copolymer lamellar phase using a P123 pluronic/water/butanol system in the lamellar phase. Maring, 1997, Threshold strain value for perpendicular orientation in dynamically sheared diblock copolymers, Macromolecules, 30, 660, 10.1021/ma961234z Berghausen, 1998, Shear-induced orientations in a lyotropic defective lamellar phase, Europhys Lett, 43, 683, 10.1209/epl/i1998-00417-3 Mahjoub HF, Bourgaux C, Sergot P, Kleman M. •Evidence of a sponge-to-lamellar phase transition under shear by X-ray scattering experiments in a Couette cell. Phys Rev Lett 1998, 81:2076–2079. First scattering experiment looking at the structural transition undergone by a sponge phase subjected to a shear flow. The bilayers apparently align into a lamellar phase in the perpendicular orientation. Bergmeier, 1998, Behavior of a charged vesicle system under the influence of a shear gradient: A microstructural study, J Phys Chem B, 102, 2837, 10.1021/jp9734484 Shahidzadeh, 1998, Large deformations of giant floppy vesicles in a shear flow, Phys Rev Lett, 81, 4268, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.4268 Mendes, 1998, A small-angle neutron scattering study of a shear-induced vesicle to micelle transition in surfactant mixtures, J Phys Chem B, 102, 338, 10.1021/jp972392a Hong, 1998, Effect of shear flow on the morphology and phase behavior of a near-critical SAN/PMMA blend, Macromolecules, 31, 6211, 10.1021/ma980637r Matsuzaka, 1998, Rheological response from phase-separated domains as studied by shear microscopy, Phys Rev Lett, 80, 5441, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.5441 Qiu, 1998, Real-time observation on deformation of bicontinuous phase under simple shear flow, Phys Rev E, 58, R1230, 10.1103/PhysRevE.58.R1230 Dhont, 1998, Shear-induced microstructure distortion and its relaxation for colloids very close to the critical point, Phys Rev E, 58, 4783, 10.1103/PhysRevE.58.4783 Kim, 1997, Droplet breakup and shear-induced mixing in critical polymer blends, Macromolecules, 30, 8245, 10.1021/ma9707648 Mason, 1997, Shear rupturing of droplets in complex fluids, Langmuir, 13, 4600, 10.1021/la9700580 Han, 1997, Shear mixing and phase diagram shift of polymer blends, Macromol Symp, 124, 111, 10.1002/masy.19971240113 Madbouly SA, Chiba T, Ougizawa, Inoue T. Shear effect on the phase behavior and morphology in PMMA/SAN-29.5 blend. J Macromol Sci-Phys 1999;B38:79–92. Nakatani AI, Sung L, Hobbie EK, Han CC. •Shear-induced order in a homopolymer blend with block copolymer surfactant. Phys Rev Lett 1997;79:4693–4696. An interesting study of two immiscible hompolymers with varying amounts of the corresponding diblock copolymer. Shear has opposite effects on the order disorder transition in the blend and the copolymer cases, and the system’s resolution to the dilemma is observed. Vermant, 1998, Anisotropy and orientation of the microstructure in viscous emulsions during shear flow, Langmuir, 14, 1612, 10.1021/la971046h Hashimoto, 1998, Formation of droplets with a very narrow size distribution in mixtures subjected to shear flow. I. Shear rate dependence, J Chem Phys, 108, 6963, 10.1063/1.476112 Bodnar, 1998, Relaxation of critical fluxuations after cessation of simple shear flow, Phys. Rev Lett, 80, 1662, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.1662 Mewis J, Yang H, Van Puyvelde P, Moldenaers P, Walker LM. •Small-angle light scattering study of droplet break-up in emulsions and polymer blends. Chem Eng Sci 1998;53:2231–2239. This paper presents a new SALS technique for obtaining quantitative information on structures during emulsion droplet break-up. A fairly comprehensive review of the relevant literature is given. Tepe T, Hajduk DA, Hillmyer MA, Weimann PA, Tirrell M, Bates FS, Almdal K, Mortensen K. •Influence of shear on a lamellar triblock copolymer near the order–disorder transition. J Rheol 1997;41:1147–1171. This paper, which describes the orientational ordering under shear and the attendant change in Tc of a triblock copolymer analogue of a previously measured diblock, contains an excellent review of the key literature of block copolymers under shear. Hajduk DA, Tep T, Takenouchi H, Tirrell M, Bates FS, Almdal K, Mortensen K. •Shear-induced ordering kinetics of a triblock copolymer melt. J Chem Phys 1998;108:326–333. This study uses the observed shift in the ODT in a novel way. By reducing the temperature during shearing the system is brought below the quiescent phase boundary. An abrupt cessation of shear then leads to an effective temperature jump and the kinetics are followed. Hamley, 1998, Shear-induced orientational transitions in the body-centered cubic phase of a diblock copolymer gel, Macromolecules, 31, 3906, 10.1021/ma971561m Hamley, 1998, A small-angle neutron-scattering study of shear-induced ordering in the cubic phase of a block copolymer gel, Langmuir, 14, 3182, 10.1021/la971191v Hamley, 1998, Shear-induced orientation of the body-centered-cubic phase in a diblock copolymer gel, Phys Rev E, 58, 7620, 10.1103/PhysRevE.58.7620 Hamley, 1998, Effect of shear on cubic phases in gels of a diblock copolymer, J Chem Phys, 108, 6929, 10.1063/1.476108 Hamley, 1998, Microscopic Crystallography: A small-angle neutron scattering study of the body-centered cubic micellar structure formed in a block copolymer gel, Macromolecules, 31, 6958, 10.1021/ma9807116 Leyh, 1998, Shear-induced order in aqueous micellar solutions of amphiphilic poly(tert-butylstyrene)-b-poly(Na methacrylate) diblock, Macromolecules, 31, 9258, 10.1021/ma980918z Mortensen, 1998, Networks of gel-forming triblock copolymer solutions: in situ SANS and rheological measurements, Physica B, 241–243, 1025 Slawecki, 1998, Shear-induced micellar crystal structures in an aqueous triblock copolymer solution, Phys Rev E, 58, R4084, 10.1103/PhysRevE.58.R4084 Mortensen, 1996, Structural studies of aqueous solutions of PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymers, their micellar aggregates and mesophases; a small-angle neutron scattering study, J Phys Condens Matter, 8, A103, 10.1088/0953-8984/8/25A/008 Koppi, 1994, J Rheol, 38, 999, 10.1122/1.550600 Pople, 1998, Orientational ordering of a poly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxybutylene) diblock copolymer gel under steady shear flow, Macromolecules, 31, 2952, 10.1021/ma9716490 Pople, 1998, Shear-induced orientational order in the hexagonal phase of oxyethylene/oxybutylene diblock copolymer gels, Polymer, 39, 4891, 10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00119-0 Schmidt, 1998, Shear orientation of a hexagonal lyotropic triblock copolymer phase as probed by flow birefringence and small-angle light and neutron scattering, Macromolecules, 31, 2293, 10.1021/ma971363v Schmidt, 1998, Shear orientation of lyotropic hexagonal phases, J Phys Chem B, 102, 507, 10.1021/jp9725745 Wagner NJ. •Rheo-optics. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 1998;3:391–400. A fairly comprehensive review on a closely related topic approached in a completely different manner to the current review. Hamley, 1998, Simultaneous rheology and small-angle scattering experiments on block copolymer gels and melts in cubic phases, J Appl Cryst, 31, 881, 10.1107/S0021889898007699 Straty, 1998, An in situ rheometric shearing apparatus for SANS, Physica B, 241–243, 74 Straty, 1998, In situ rheometric shearing apparatus at the NIST Center for Neutron Research. Nucl Instrum Method Phys Res A, 408, 511 Lin, 1998, Simultaneous measurements of viscosity and structure for rod-like micelle solutions, Physica B, 241–243, 990