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Chia Sẻ Gánh Nặng: Trẻ Em Cùng Nơi Cư Trú Ảnh Hưởng Như Thế Nào Đến Phân Bổ Công Việc và Giáo Dục Ở Tây Bắc Tanzania?
Tóm tắt
Các mô hình kinh tế và tiến hóa về đầu tư của cha mẹ thường dự đoán rằng sẽ có sự thiên lệch giáo dục hướng về những đứa trẻ sinh trước, xuất phát từ việc giảm nguồn lực trong hộ gia đình hoặc sở thích của cha mẹ. Tuy nhiên, nghiên cứu trước đây không phải lúc nào cũng tìm thấy những sự thiên lệch được dự đoán này - có thể là do trong các xã hội nơi trẻ em lao động, trẻ lớn tuổi hơn thường hiệu quả hơn trong các công việc gia đình và có thể thay thế cho trẻ nhỏ, cho phép thời gian của trẻ nhỏ được dành cho giáo dục. Tuy nhiên, vai trò của việc thay thế lao động trong việc xác định việc học của trẻ em vẫn chưa rõ ràng, vì rất ít nghiên cứu đã đồng thời xem xét sự biến động trong hộ gia đình về cả giáo dục và công việc của trẻ em. Ở đây, chúng tôi điều tra ảnh hưởng của trẻ em sống cùng trong một hộ gia đình đến giáo dục, công việc và thời gian rảnh ở Tây Bắc Tanzania, bằng cách sử dụng dữ liệu sử dụng thời gian chi tiết thu thập từ nhiều trẻ em trong mỗi hộ gia đình (n = 1,273). Chúng tôi phát hiện rằng thứ tự tuổi tác (tuổi tương đối, so với các trẻ em sống chung) trong hộ gia đình có liên quan đến việc phân bổ thời gian của trẻ, nhưng các mẫu này khác nhau theo giới tính. Các bé gái tương đối nhỏ hơn thực hiện ít công việc hơn, có nhiều thời gian rảnh hơn và có tỷ lệ nhập học cao hơn so với các bé gái lớn hơn. Chúng tôi cho rằng điều này xuất phát từ việc thay thế lao động: các bé gái lớn hơn là những người lao động hiệu quả hơn, giải phóng thời gian cho các bé gái nhỏ hơn cho giáo dục và thời gian rảnh. Ngược lại, các bé trai lớn tuổi hơn có tỷ lệ nhập học cao nhất trong số các bé trai sống chung, có thể phản ánh các chuẩn mực truyền thống liên quan đến phân bổ công việc trong hộ gia đình và hệ thống tuổi tác. Giới tính cũng đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc phân bổ công việc trong hộ gia đình: những bé trai sống cùng với nhiều bé gái thì thực hiện ít việc nhà hơn. Chúng tôi kết luận rằng việc xem trẻ em như những người sản xuất và tiêu thụ là điều cần thiết để hiểu biết về sự biến động trong giáo dục và công việc của trẻ em trong hộ gia đình.
Từ khóa
#đầu tư của cha mẹ #giáo dục trẻ em #phân bổ công việc #thay thế lao động #giới tính #hộ gia đìnhTài liệu tham khảo
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