Shadow Economies: Size, Causes, and Consequences

Journal of Economic Literature - Tập 38 Số 1 - Trang 77-114 - 2000
Friedrich Schneider1, Dominik H. Enste2
1Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Austria
2University of Cologne, Germany

Tóm tắt

Using various methods, the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition, and OECD countries is estimated. Average size varies from 12 percent of GDP for OECD countries, to 23 percent for transition countries and 39 percent for developing countries. Increasing taxation and social security contributions combined with rising state regulations are driving forces for the increase of the shadow economy, especially in OECD countries. According to some findings, corruption has a positive impact on the size of the shadow economy, and a growing shadow economy has a negative effect on official GDP growth.

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Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Journal of Economic Literature

Tập 38 Số 1

77-114

Thông tin tác giả