Nội dung được dịch bởi AI, chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo
Xu Hướng Tình Dục, Chủng Tộc và Chấn Thương như là các Yếu tố Dự đoán Khả năng Phục hồi Sau Bị Xâm Hại tình dục
Tóm tắt
Các thiểu số tình dục và các thiểu số chủng tộc trải qua tác động tiêu cực lớn hơn sau khi bị xâm hại tình dục. Chúng tôi đã xem xét khả năng phục hồi sau xâm hại tình dục giữa những người phụ nữ xác định là dị tính và song tính trong các nhóm chủng tộc khác nhau. Một mẫu cộng đồng gồm phụ nữ (N = 905) đã hoàn thành ba khảo sát hàng năm về nạn nhân xâm hại tình dục, các kết quả phục hồi, nhóm chủng tộc và tình trạng thiểu số tình dục. Phụ nữ song tính và phụ nữ da đen báo cáo gặp nhiều vấn đề trong việc phục hồi hơn. Tuy nhiên, phụ nữ da đen đã cải thiện nhanh chóng hơn về triệu chứng trầm cảm so với phụ nữ không phải da đen. Cuối cùng, việc trở thành nạn nhân nhiều lần trong độ tuổi trưởng thành đã làm suy yếu độc quyền khả năng phục hồi của các nạn nhân, ngay cả khi đã kiểm soát cho xâm hại tình dục trẻ em. Các biến thể về tình trạng thiểu số tình dục và chủng tộc cũng như sự giao thoa của chúng với việc tái nạn nhân hóa đóng vai trò trong quá trình phục hồi và cần được xem xét trong các quy trình điều trị cho những người sống sót sau xâm hại tình dục.
Từ khóa
#thiểu số tình dục #thiểu số chủng tộc #phục hồi #xâm hại tình dục #triệu chứng trầm cảmTài liệu tham khảo
Abbey, A., Jacques-Tiaura, A., & Parkhill, M. (2010). Sexual assault among diverse populations of women: Common ground, distinctive features, and unanswered questions. In N. F. Russo & H. Landrine (Eds.), Handbook of diversity in feminist psychology (pp. 391–425). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV.
Amodeo, M., Griffin, M. L., Fassler, I. R., Clay, C. M., & Ellis, M. A. (2006). Childhood sexual abuse among Black women and White women from two-parent families. Child Maltreatment, 11(3), 237–246. doi:10.1177/1077559506289186.
Arreola, S. G., Neilands, T. B., Pollack, L. M., Paul, J. P., & Catania, J. A. (2005). Higher prevalence of childhood sexual abuse among Latino men who have sex with men than non-Latino men who have sex with men: data from the Urban Men’s Health Study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(3), 285–290. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.09.003.
Balsam, K. F., Beauchaine, T. P., & Rothblum, E. D. (2005). Victimization over the life span: a comparison of lesbian, gay, bisexual and heterosexual siblings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 477–487. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.477.
Balsam, K. F., Lehavot, K., Beadnell, B., & Circo, E. (2010). Childhood abuse and mental health indicators among ethnically diverse lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(4), 459–468. doi:10.1037/a0018661.
Balsam, K. F., Molina, Y., Beadnell, B., Simoni, J., & Walters, K. (2011). Measuring multiple minority stress: the LGBT people of color microaggressions scale. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17(2), 163–174. doi:10.1037/a0023244.
Balsam, K. F., Beadnell, B., & Molina, Y. (2013). The daily heterosexist experiences questionnaire: measuring minority stress among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adults. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 46, 3–25. doi:10.1177/0748175612449743.
Balsam, K. F., Molina, Y., Blayney, J. A., Dillworth, T., Zimmerman, L., Kaysen, D. (2015). Racial/ethnic differences in identity and mental health outcomes among young sexual minority women. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. Advance online publication.
Black, M. C., Basile, K. C., Breiding, M. J., Smith, M. J., Walters, S. G., Merrick, M. T., Stevens, M. R. (2011). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 summary report. Retrieved from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/nisvs/.
Bostwick, W. B., Hughes, T. L., & Johnson, T. (2005). The co-occurrence of depression and alcohol dependence symptoms in a community sample of lesbians. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 9(3), 7–18. doi:10.1300/J155v09n03_02.
Bowleg, L., Huang, J., Brooks, K., Black, A., & Burkholder, G. (2003). Triple jeopardy and beyond: multiple minority stress and resilience among Black lesbians. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 7(4), 87–108. doi: 2003787108.
Bryant-Davis, T., Ullman, S. E., Tsong, Y., Tillman, S., & Smith, K. (2010). Struggling to survive: sexual assault, poverty, and mental health outcomes of African American women. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(1), 61–70. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01007.x.
Campbell, R., Greeson, M. R., Bybee, D., & Raja, S. (2008). The co-occurrence of childhood sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, intimate partner violence, and sexual harassment: a mediational model of posttraumatic stress disorder and physical health outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(2), 194–207. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.194.
Campbell, R., Dworkin, E., & Cabral, G. (2009). An ecological model of the impact of sexual assault on women’s mental health. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 10, 225–246. doi:10.1177/1524838009334456.
Chae, D. H., Krieger, N., Bennett, G. G., Lindsey, J. C., Stoddard, A. M., & Barbeau, E. M. (2010). Implications of discrimination based on sexuality, gender, and race/ethnicity for psychological distress among working-class sexual minorities: the United for Health Study, 2003–2004. International Journal of Health Services, 40(4), 589–608.
DiPlacido, J. (1998). Minority stress among lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals: A consequence of heterosexism, homophobia and stigmatization. In G. Herek (Ed.), Stigma and sexual orientation (pp. 138–159). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Drabble, L., Trocki, K. F., Hughes, T. L., Korcha, R. A., & Lown, A. E. (2013). Sexual orientation differences in the relationship between victimization and hazardous drinking among women in the national alcohol survey. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(3), 639–648. doi:10.1037/a0031486.
Dunbar, E. (2006). Race, gender, and sexual orientation in hate crime victimization: identity politics or identity risk? Violence and Victims, 21(3), 323–337. doi:10.1891/vivi.21.3.323.
Fargo, J. D. (2009). Pathways to adult sexual revictimization: direct and indirect behavioral risk factors across the lifespan. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(11), 1771–1791. doi:10.1177/0886260508325489.
Foa, E. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress diagnostic scale manual. Minneapolis: National Computer Systems.
Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997). The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: the posttraumatic diagnostic scale. Psychological Assessment, 9(4), 445–451.
Friedman, M. S., Marshal, M. P., Guadamuz, T. E., Wei, C., Wong, C. F., Saewyc, E., et al. (2011). A meta-analysis of disparities in childhood sexual abuse, parental physical abuse, and peer victimization among sexual minority and sexual nonminority individuals. American Journal of Public Health, 101(8), 1481–1494. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.190009.
Heidt, J. M., Marx, B. P., & Gold, S. D. (2005). Sexual revictimization among sexual minorities: a preliminary study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 533–540. doi:10.1002/jts.20061.
Hequembourg, A. L., Livingston, J. A., & Parks, K. A. (2013). Sexual victimization and associated risks among lesbian and bisexual women. Violence Against Women, 19(5), 634–657. doi:10.1177/1077801213490557.
Hughes, T., McCabe, S. E., Wilsnack, S. C., West, B. T., & Boyd, C. J. (2010). Victimization and substance use disorders in a national sample of heterosexual and sexual minority women and men. Addiction, 105(12), 2130–2140. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03088.x.
Israel, T., & Mohr, J. J. (2004). Attitudes towards bisexual women and men: current research, future directions. Journal of Bisexuality, 4(1–2), 117–134. doi:10.1300/J159v04n01_09.
Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Ruggiero, K. J., Conoscenti, L. M., McCauley, J. (2007). Drug-facilitated, incapacitated, and forcible rape: A national study, (National Institute of Justice Publication No. NCJ 219181), Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.
Kim, H. J., & Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I. (2012). Hispanic lesbians and bisexual women at heightened risk for [corrected] health disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 102, e9–e15. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300378.
Koss, M. P., Gidycz, C. A., & Wisniewski, N. (1987). The scope of rape: incidence and prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a national sample of students in higher education. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(2), 162–170. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.55.2.162.
Krebs, C. P., Lindquist, C. H., Barrick, K. (2011). The Historically Black College and University Campus Sexual Assault (HBCUCSA) Study. Retrieved from the National Criminal Justice Reference Service: www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/233614.pdf
Long, S. M., Ullman, S. E., Long, L. M., Mason, G. E., & Starzynski, L. L. (2007). Women’s experiences of male-perpetrated sexual assault by sexual orientation. Violence and Victims, 22(6), 684–701. doi:10.1891/088667007782793138.
Mays, V. M., Cochran, S. D., & Rhue, S. (1993). The impact of perceived discrimination on the intimate relationships of black lesbians. Journal of Homosexuality, 25(4), 1–14. doi:10.1300/J082v25n04_01.
Messman-Moore, T. L., Long, P. J., & Siegfried, N. J. (2000). The revictimization of child sexual abuse survivors: an examination of the adjustment of college women with child sexual abuse, adult sexual assault and adult physical abuse. Child Maltreatment, 5(1), 18–27. doi:10.1177/1077559500005001003.
Meyer, I. H. (2010). Identity, stress, and resilience in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals of color. The Counseling Psychologist, 38(3), 442–454. doi:10.1177/0011000009351601.
Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (1990). Control or defense? Depression and the sense of control over good and bad outcomes. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 31, 71–86.
Morris, J. F., & Balsam, K. F. (2003). Lesbian and bisexual women’s experiences of victimization: mental health, revictimization, and sexual identity development. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 7(4), 67–85. doi:10.1300/J155v07n04_05.
National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs (2011). Hate violence against the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer communities in the United States in 2009. Retrieved from http://www.avp.org/documents/NCAVP2009HateViolenceReportforWeb.pdf.
Roberts, A. L., Austin, S. B., Corliss, H. L., Vandermorris, A. K., & Koenen, K. C. (2010). Pervasive trauma exposure among U.S. sexual orientation minority adults and risk of post-traumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Public Health, 100(12), 2433–2441. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.168971.
Rothbaum, B. O., Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Murdock, T., & Walsh, W. (1992). A prospective examination of post-traumatic stress disorder in rape victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5(3), 455–475. doi:10.1002/jts.2490050309.
Rothman, E. F., Exner, D., & Baughman, A. L. (2011). The prevalence of sexual assault against people who identify as gay, lesbian or bisexual in the United States: a systematic review. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 12(2), 55–66. doi:10.1177/1524838010390707.
Scott, C., Sonis, J., Creamer, M., & Dennis, M. (2006). Maximizing follow-up in longitudinal studies of traumatized populations. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19(6), 757–769. doi:10.1002/jts.20186.
Sigurvinsdottir, R., & Ullman, S. E. (2015). The role of sexual orientation in the victimization and recovery of sexual assault survivors. Violence and Victims, 30, 636–648. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00066.
Steenkamp, M. M., Dickstein, B. D., Salters-Pedneault, K., Hofmann, S. G., & Litz, B. T. (2012). Trajectories of PTSD symptoms following sexual assault: is resilience the modal outcome? Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(4), 469–474. doi:10.1002/jts.21718.
Stevens, S. (2012). Meeting the substance abuse treatment needs of lesbian, bisexual and transgender women: implications from research to practice. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 3(Suppl 1), 27–36. doi:10.2147/SAR.S26430.
Temple, J. R., Weston, R., Rodriguez, B. F., & Marshall, L. L. (2007). Differing effects of partner and nonpartner sexual assault on women’s mental health. Violence Against Women, 13, 285–297. doi:10.1177/1077801206297437.
Testa, M., VanZile-Tamsen, C., Livingston, J. A., & Koss, M. P. (2004). Assessing women’s experiences of sexual aggression using the sexual experiences survey: evidence for validity and implications for research. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28(3), 256–265. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2004.00143.x.
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2006). Extent, nature, and consequences of rape victimization: findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey [NCJ 210346]. Retrieved from the National Criminal Justice Reference Service: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/210346.pdf.
Ullman, S. E., & Najdowski, C. J. (2009). Revictimization as a moderator of psychosocial risk factors for problem drinking in female sexual assault survivors. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 70(1), 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2009.70.41.
Ullman, S. E., Filipas, H. H., Townsend, S. M., & Starzynski, L. (2005). Trauma exposure, PTSD, and problem drinking among sexual assault survivors. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 66(5), 610–619. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2005.66.610.
Vickerman, K., & Margolin, G. (2009). Rape treatment outcome research: empirical findings and state of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(5), 431–448. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.04.004.
Walsh, K., Kmett Danielson, C., McCauley, J. L., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., & Resnick, H. S. (2012). National prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder among sexually revictimized adolescent, college, and adult household-residing women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(9), 935–942. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.132.
Walters, M. L., Chen, J., & Breiding, M. J. (2013). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 findings on victimization by sexual orientation. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Ward, J. (2008). White normativity: the cultural dimensions of whiteness in a racially diverse LGBT organization. Sociological Perspectives, 51(3), 563–586. doi:10.1525/sop.2008.51.3.563.
Weber, G. N. (2008). Using to numb the pain: substance use and abuse among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 30(1), 31–48.
West, C. M. (2002). Battered, black, and blue: an overview of violence in the lives of black women. Women and Therapy, 25(3/4), 5–27. doi:10.1300/J015v25n03_02.
West, C. (2013). Sexual violence in the lives of African American women. Harrisburg, PA: VAWnet, a project of the National Resource Center on Domestic Violence. Available at: http://www.vawnet.org.
Wyatt, G. (1992). The sociocultural context of African American and White American women’s rape. Journal of Social Issues, 48m, 77–91.
