Sex steroids and vascular responses in hypertension and aging

Koledova, 2007, Sex hormone replacement therapy and modulation of vascular function in cardiovascular disease, Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 55, 777, 10.1586/14779072.5.4.777 Stampfer, 1991, Post-menopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease. Ten-year follow-up from the nurses' health study, N Engl J Med, 3325, 756, 10.1056/NEJM199109123251102 Grady, 1992, Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in post-menopausal women, Ann Intern Med, 1117, 1016, 10.7326/0003-4819-117-12-1016 Rosano, 1993, Beneficial effect of oestrogen on exercise-induced myocardial ischaemia in women with coronary artery disease, Lancet, 3342, 133, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91343-K Grodstein, 1996, Postmenopausal estrogen and progestin use and the risk of cardiovascular disease [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 1996;3335:1406], N Engl J Med, 335, 453, 10.1056/NEJM199608153350701 Barrett-Connor, 1998, Hormone replacement therapy, heart disease, and other considerations, Annu Rev Public Health, 119, 55, 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.19.1.55 Orshal, 2004, Gender, sex hormones, and vascular tone, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 286, R233, 10.1152/ajpregu.00338.2003 Hulley, 1998, Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women, JAMA, 280, 605, 10.1001/jama.280.7.605 Manson, 2003, Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease, N Engl J Med, 349, 523, 10.1056/NEJMoa030808 Hsia, 2006, Conjugated equine estrogens and coronary heart disease: The Women's Health Initiative [published correction appears in Arch Intern Med. 2006;1166:759], Arch Intern Med., 166, 357, 10.1001/archinte.166.3.357 Masi, 2006, Estrogen metabolites and systolic blood pressure in a population-based sample of postmenopausal women, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 91, 1015, 10.1210/jc.2005-2339 Hu, 2006, The effects of hormone therapy on the markers of inflammation and endothelial function and plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 level in postmenopausal women: The postmenopausal estrogen progestin intervention (PEPI) trial, Atherosclerosis, 185, 347, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.06.011 Cruz, 2008, Acute dilatation to phytoestrogens and estrogen receptor subtypes expression in small arteries from women with coronary heart disease, Atherosclerosis, 196, 49, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.01.038 Bolego, 2006, Selective agonists of estrogen receptor isoforms: New perspectives for cardiovascular disease, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 26, 2192, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000242186.93243.25 Cummings, 1999, The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: Results from the MORE Randomized Trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation [published correction appears in JAMA. 1999;282:2124], JAMA, 281, 2189, 10.1001/jama.281.23.2189 Freedman, 2003, Estimates of the number of US women who could benefit from tamoxifen for breast cancer chemoprevention, J Natl Cancer Inst, 95, 526, 10.1093/jnci/95.7.526 Vogel, 2006, Effects of tamoxifen vs raloxifene on the risk of developing invasive breast cancer and other disease outcomes: The NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial, JAMA, 295, 2727, 10.1001/jama.295.23.joc60074 Frasor, 2006, Gene expression preferentially regulated by tamoxifen in breast cancer cells and correlations with clinical outcome, Cancer Res, 66, 7334, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4269 Somjen, 2007, DT56a (Femarelle): A natural selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 104, 252, 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.03.004 Mosca, 2001, Design and methods of the Raloxifene Use for The Heart (RUTH) study, Am J Cardiol, 88, 392, 10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01685-X Barrett-Connor, 2006, Effects of raloxifene on cardiovascular events and breast cancer in postmenopausal women, N Engl J Med, 355, 125, 10.1056/NEJMoa062462 Herrington, 2000, The estrogen replacement and atherosclerosis (ERA) study: Study design and baseline characteristics of the cohort [published correction appears in Control Clin Trials. 2000;21:414], Control Clin Trials, 21, 257, 10.1016/S0197-2456(00)00054-4 Harman, 2005, KEEPS: The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study, Climacteric, 8, 3, 10.1080/13697130500042417 Ettinger, 2007, Rationale for use of lower estrogen doses for postmenopausal hormone therapy, Maturitas, 57, 81, 10.1016/j.maturitas.2007.02.025 Ho, 2006, Differential effects of oral conjugated equine estrogen and transdermal estrogen on atherosclerotic vascular disease risk markers and endothelial function in healthy postmenopausal women, Hum Reprod, 21, 2715, 10.1093/humrep/del245 Persico, 2005, Transdermal HRT and Doppler findings in normotensive and hypertensive postmenopausal patients, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 26, 546, 10.1002/uog.2585 Lyytinen, 2006, Breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women using estrogen-only therapy, Obstet Gynecol, 108, 1354, 10.1097/01.AOG.0000241091.86268.6e Fugh-Berman, 2007, Bioidentical hormones for menopausal hormone therapy: Variation on a theme, J Gen Intern Med, 22, 1030, 10.1007/s11606-007-0141-4 Panjari, 2007, DHEA therapy for women: Effect on sexual function and wellbeing, Hum Reprod Update, 13, 239, 10.1093/humupd/dml055 Mendelsohn, 2002, Genomic and nongenomic effects of estrogen in the vasculature, Am J Cardiol, 90, 3F, 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02418-9 Zhu, 2002, Abnormal vascular function and hypertension in mice deficient in estrogen receptor beta, Science, 295, 505, 10.1126/science.1065250 Mendelsohn, 2005, Molecular and cellular basis of cardiovascular gender differences, Science, 308, 1583, 10.1126/science.1112062 Revankar, 2005, A transmembrane intracellular estrogen receptor mediates rapid cell signaling, Science, 307, 1625, 10.1126/science.1106943 Thomas, 2005, Identity of an estrogen membrane receptor coupled to a G protein in human breast cancer cells, Endocrinology, 146, 624, 10.1210/en.2004-1064 Haas, 2007, Differential effects of 17Beta-estradiol on function and expression of estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta, and GPR30 in arteries and veins of patients with atherosclerosis, Hypertension, 449, 1358, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.089995 Figtree, 2003, Truncated estrogen receptor alpha 46-kDa isoform in human endothelial cells: Relationship to acute activation of nitric oxide synthase, Circulation, 107, 120, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000043805.11780.F5 Flouriot, 1998, Differentially expressed messenger RNA isoforms of the human estrogen receptor-alpha gene are generated by alternative splicing and promoter usage, Mol Endocrinol, 12, 1939, 10.1210/me.12.12.1939 Reimann, 2006, Evidence for associations between common polymorphisms of estrogen receptor beta gene with homocysteine and nitric oxide, Climacteric, 9, 215, 10.1080/13697130600733758 Zhai, 2000, Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in estrogen receptor-alpha knockout and wild-type mice, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 278, H1640, 10.1152/ajpheart.2000.278.5.H1640 Wang, 2006, Estrogen receptor-alpha mediates acute myocardial protection in females, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 290, H2204, 10.1152/ajpheart.01219.2005 O'Lone, 2007, Estrogen receptors alpha and beta mediate distinct pathways of vascular gene expression, including genes involved in mitochondrial electron transport and generation of reactive oxygen species, Mol Endocrinol, 21, 1281, 10.1210/me.2006-0497 Leung, 2007, Nongenomic vascular actions of female sex hormones: Physilogical implications and signalling pathways, Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 34, 822, 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04686.x Wynne, 2003, Testosterone and coronary vascular tone: Implications in coronary artery disease, J Endocrinol Invest, 26, 181, 10.1007/BF03345150 Chen, 1999, Estrogen receptor alpha mediates the nongenomic activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by estrogen [published correction appears in J Clin Invest. 1999;103:1363 ], J Clin Invest, 103, 401, 10.1172/JCI5347 Pare, 2002, Estrogen receptor-alpha mediates the protective effects of estrogen against vascular injury, Circ Res, 90, 1087, 10.1161/01.RES.0000021114.92282.FA Darblade, 2002, Estradiol alters nitric oxide production in the mouse aorta through the alpha-, but not beta-, estrogen receptor, Circ Res, 90, 413, 10.1161/hh0402.105096 Nilsson, 2000, Increased magnitude of relaxation to oestrogen in aorta from oestrogen receptor beta knock-out mice, J Endocrinol, 166, R5, 10.1677/joe.0.166R005 Widder, 2003, Improvement of endothelial dysfunction by selective estrogen receptor-alpha stimulation in ovariectomized SHR, Hypertension, 442, 991, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000098661.37637.89 Chambliss, 2002, ERbeta has nongenomic action in caveolae, Mol Endocrinol, 16, 938, 10.1210/me.16.5.938 McCarty, 2006, Isoflavones made simple—genistein's agonist activity for the beta-type estrogen receptor mediates their health benefits, Med Hypotheses, 66, 1093, 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.11.046 Forte, 1998, Evidence for a difference in nitric oxide biosynthesis between healthy women and men, Hypertension, 32, 730, 10.1161/01.HYP.32.4.730 Joy, 2006, The isoflavone Equol mediates rapid vascular relaxation: Ca2+-independent activation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase/Hsp90 involving ERK1/22 and Akt phosphorylatio on in human endothelial cells, J Biol Chem, 281, 27335, 10.1074/jbc.M602803200 Haynes, 2000, Membrane estrogen receptor engagement activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase via the P13-kinase-Akt pathway in human endothelial cells, Circ Res, 87, 677, 10.1161/01.RES.87.8.677 Simoncini, 2005, Differential estrogen signaling in endothelial cells upon pulsed or continuous administration, Maturitas, 50, 247, 10.1016/j.maturitas.2004.04.001 Chan, 2007, Raloxifene modulates pulmonary vascular reactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 49, 355, 10.1097/FJC.0b013e318046f329 Leung, 2006, Tamoxifen dilates porcine coronary arteries: Roles for nitric oxide and ouabain-sensitive mechanisms, Br J Pharmacol, 149, 703, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706921 Hernandez, 2000, 17Beta-estradiol prevents oxidative stress and decreases blood pressure in ovariectomized rats, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 279, R1599, 10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.5.R1599 Traupe, 2007, Distinct roles of estrogen receptors alpha and beta mediating acute vasodilation of epicardial coronary arteries, Hypertension, 49, 1364, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.106.081554 Zhang, 2007, Effects of phytoestrogens and 17Beta-estradiol on vasoconstriction elicited by reactive oxygen species, Pharmazie, 62, 378 Siow, 2007, Cardiovascular targets for estrogens and phytoestrogens: Transcriptional regulation of nitric oxide synthase and antioxidant defense genes, Free Radic Biol Med, 42, 909, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.01.004 Barber, 1997, Gender differences in endothelium-dependent relaxations do not involve NO in porcine coronary arteries, Am J Physiol, 273, H2325 Egan, 2004, COX-2-derived prostacyclin confers atheroprotection on female mice, Science, 306, 1954, 10.1126/science.1103333 Han, 2007, Nongenomic, endothelium-independent effects of estrogen on human coronary smooth muscle are mediated by type I (neuronal) NOS and P13-kinase-Akt signaling, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 293, H314, 10.1152/ajpheart.01342.2006 Bilsel, 2000, 17Beta-estradiol modulates endothelin-1 expression and release in human endothelial cells, Cardiovasc Res, 46, 579, 10.1016/S0008-6363(00)00046-8 Dubey, 2001, Estradiol metabolites inhibit endothelin synthesis by an estrogen receptor-independent mechanism, Hypertension, 37, 640, 10.1161/01.HYP.37.2.640 David, 2001, Ovarian hormones modulate endothelin-1 vascular reactivity and mRNA expression in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats, Hypertension, 38, 692, 10.1161/01.HYP.38.3.692 Methot, 2006, The ACEDD genotype is associated with endothelial dysfunction in postmenopausal women, Menopause, 13, 959, 10.1097/01.gme.0000243576.09065.93 Lewis, 2006, Treatment with raloxifene and 17Beta-estradiol differentially modulates nitric oxide and prostanoids in venous endothelium and platelets of ovariectomized pigs, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 48, 231, 10.1097/01.fjc.0000247800.34991.a1 Bayram, 2007, Evaluation of hormone replacement therapy which may have an adrenomedullin-mediated protective effect on cardiovascular disorders, Aging Clin Exp Res, 19, 224, 10.1007/BF03324694 Wassmann, 2005, Progesterone antagonizes the vasoprotective effect of estrogen on antioxidant enzyme expression and function, Circ Res, 97, 1046, 10.1161/01.RES.0000188212.57180.55 Sunday, 2006, Estrogen and progestagens differentially modulate vascular proinflammatory factors, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 291, E261, 10.1152/ajpendo.00550.2005 Register, 1998, Conjugated equine estrogens alone, but not in combination with medroxyprogesterone acetate, inhibit aortic connective tissue remodeling after plasma lipid lowering in female monkeys, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 18, 1164, 10.1161/01.ATV.18.7.1164 Adams, 1997, Medroxyprogesterone acetate antagonizes inhibitory effects of conjugated equine estrogens on coronary artery atherosclerosis, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 17, 217, 10.1161/01.ATV.17.1.217 Vicent, 2006, Chromatin remodeling and control of cell proliferation by progestins via cross talk of progesterone receptor with the estrogen receptors and kinase signaling pathways, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1089, 59, 10.1196/annals.1386.025 Zerr--Fouineau, 2007, Progestins overcome inhibition of platelet aggregation by endothelial cells by down-regulating endothelial NO synthase via glucocorticoid receptors, FASEB J, 21, 265, 10.1096/fj.06-6840com Preston, 2007, Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of drospirenone-estradiol on blood pressure and potassium balance in hypertensive postmenopausal women receiving hydrochlorothiazide, Menopause, 14, 408, 10.1097/01.gme.0000243572.63322.f7 Simoncini, 2007, Drospirenone increases endothelial nitric oxide synthesis via a combined action on progesterone and mineralocorticoid receptors, Hum Reprod, 22, 2325, 10.1093/humrep/dem109 Crews, 1999, Antagonistic effects of 17Beta-estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone on Ca2+ entry mechanisms of coronary vasoconstriction, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 19, 1034, 10.1161/01.ATV.19.4.1034 Ding, 2001, Testosterone-induced relaxation of rat aorta is androgen structure specific and involves K+ channel activation, J Appl Physiol, 91, 2742, 10.1152/jappl.2001.91.6.2742 Norata, 2006, Dihydrotestosterone decreases tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in human endothelial cells, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 91, 546, 10.1210/jc.2005-1664 Xiang, 2006, Effects of selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene plus 17-beta estradiol in aorta and mammary gland of female experimental atherosclerosis rabbits and possible involvement of ERK signal transduction pathway, Chin J Physiol, 49, 132 Khalil, 1990, Intracellular free calcium concentration/force relationship in rabbit inferior vena cava activated by norepinephrine and high K+, Pflugers Arch, 416, 727, 10.1007/BF00370622 Salamanca, 2005, Protein kinase C isoforms as specific targets for modulation of vascular smooth muscle function in hypertension, Biochem Pharmacol, 70, 1537, 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.07.017 Crews, 1999, Gender-specific inhibition of Ca2+ entry mechanisms of arterial vasoconstriction by sex hormones, Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 26, 707, 10.1046/j.1440-1681.1999.03110.x Nickenig, 2000, Differential effects of estrogen and progesterone on AT(1) receptor gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells, Circulation, 102, 1828, 10.1161/01.CIR.102.15.1828 Dean, 2005, 17Beta-estradiol downregulates tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme and ANG II type 1 receptor in female rats, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 288, R759, 10.1152/ajpregu.00595.2004 Smith, 2006, The influence of sex hormones on pulmonary vascular reactivity: Possible vasodilator therapies for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, Curr Vasc Pharmacol, 4, 9, 10.2174/157016106775203090 Murphy, 1999, Decreased [Ca2+]i during inhibition of coronary smooth muscle contraction by 17Beta-estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 291, 44 Zhang, 1994, 17Beta-estradiol attenuates voltage-dependent Ca2+ currents in A7r5 vascular smooth muscle cell line, Am J Physiol, 266, C975, 10.1152/ajpcell.1994.266.4.C975 Rosano, 2006, Effect of estradiol 17beta upon coronary artery vasoconstrictor response to methylergometrine maleate in female menopausal patients, Int J Cardiol, 107, 254, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.03.030 Li, 2006, Differential mechanisms involved in effects of genistein and 17-beta-estradiol on porcine coronary arteries, Pharmazie, 61, 461 Mishra, 2006, Metabolite ligands of estrogen receptor-beta reduce primate coronary hyperreactivity, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 290, H295, 10.1152/ajpheart.00468.2005 Honda, 1999, Different mechanisms for testosterone-induced relaxation of aorta between normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats, Hypertension, 34, 1232, 10.1161/01.HYP.34.6.1232 Arias-Loza, 2007, Both estrogen receptor subtypes, alpha and beta, attenuate cardiovascular remodeling in aldosterone salt-treated rats, Hypertension, 50, 432, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.106.084798 Murphy, 2000, Gender-specific reduction in contractility and [Ca2+]i in vascular smooth muscle cells of female rat, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 278, C834, 10.1152/ajpcell.2000.278.4.C834 Garcia, 2005, 17Beta-estradiol exerts a beneficial effect on coronary vascular remodeling in the early stages of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats, Menopause, 12, 453, 10.1097/01.GME.0000151654.10243.01 Kanashiro, 2001, Gender-related distinctions in protein kinase C activity in rat vascular smooth muscle, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 280, C34, 10.1152/ajpcell.2001.280.1.C34 Minshall, 2002, Nongenomic vasodilator action of progesterone on primate coronary arteries, J Appl Physiol, 92, 701, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00689.2001 Fortepiani, 2003, Characterization of an animal model of postmenopausal hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats, Hypertension, 41, 640, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000046924.94886.EF Payne, 2003, Role of oxidative stress in age-related reduction of NO-cGMP mediated vascular relaxation in SHR, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 285, R542, 10.1152/ajpregu.00056.2003 Wynne, 2004, Age-related reduction in estrogen receptor-mediated mechanisms of vascular relaxation in female spontaneously hypertensive rats, Hypertension, 43, 405, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000111833.82664.0c Di Carlo, 2007, Postmenopausal hypoestrogenism increases vasoconstrictor neuropeptides and decreases vasodilator neuropeptides content in arterial-wall autonomic terminations, Fertil Steril, 88, 95, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.101 Kublickiene, 2005, Small artery endothelial dysfunction in postmenopausal women: In vitro function, morphology, and modification by estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 6113, 10.1210/jc.2005-0419 Rupnow, 2001, Endothelial vasodilator production by uterine and systemic arteries. VII. Estrogen and progesterone effects on eNOS, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 280, H1699, 10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.4.H1699 Salom, 2001, Relaxant effects of 17-beta-estradiol in cerebral arteries through Ca(22+) entry inhibition, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 21, 422, 10.1097/00004647-200104000-00011 White, 1995, Estrogen relaxes coronary arteries by opening BKCa channels through a cGMP-dependent mechanism, Circ Res, 77, 936, 10.1161/01.RES.77.5.936 Teede, 2007, Sex hormones and the cardiovascular system: Effects on arterial function in women, Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 34, 672, 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04658.x Stevenson, 2007, HRT and the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, Maturitas, 57, 31, 10.1016/j.maturitas.2007.02.007 Berra, 2006, Testosterone decreases adiponectin levels in female to male transsexuals, Asian J Androl, 8, 725, 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2006.00204.x Song, 2004, Androgens are necessary for the development of fructose-induced hypertension, Hypertension, 43, 667, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000118018.77344.4e Reckelhoff, 2005, Sex steroids, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension: Unanswered questions and some speculations, Hypertension, 45, 170, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000151825.36598.36