Sex differences and reproductive hormone influences on human odor perception

Physiology and Behavior - Tập 97 Số 2 - Trang 213-228 - 2009
Richard L. Doty1, E. Leslie Cameron2
1Smell & Taste Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA 19104, United States
2Department of Psychology, Carthage College, Kenosha, WI, United States

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Mobius, 1901, The physiological mental weakness of women, Alien Neurol, 22, 624

Romanes, 1887, Mental differences between men and women, Ninet Century, 21, 654

Kimura, 1999

Halpern, 2000

McGuinness, 1976, Sex differences in the organization of perception and cognition

Maccoby, 1974

Al-Mana, 2008, Hormones and the auditory system: a review of physiology and pathophysiology, Neuroscience, 153, 881, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.02.077

Hultcrantz, 2006, Estrogen and hearing: a summary of recent investigations, Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh), 126, 10, 10.1080/00016480510038617

Swanson, 1988, Changes in pure-tone thresholds and temporary threshold shifts as a function of menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives, J Speech Hear Res, 31, 569

Burg, 1961, Dynamic visual acuity as related to age, sex, and static acuity, J Appl Psychol, 45, 111, 10.1037/h0044200

Rodriguez-Carmona, 2008, Sex-related differences in chromatic sensitivity, Vis Neurosci, 25, 433, 10.1017/S095252380808019X

Gupta, 2005, Sex hormone receptors in the human eye, Surv Ophthalmol, 50, 274, 10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.02.005

Diamond, 1972, Visual sensitivity and sexual arousal levels during the menstrual cycle, J Nerv Ment Dis, 155, 170, 10.1097/00005053-197209000-00003

Giuffre, 2007, Changes in colour discrimination during the menstrual cycle, Ophthalmologica, 221, 47, 10.1159/000096522

Doty, 1978, Gender and reproductive state correlates of taste perception in humans, 337

Sato, 2002, Sensitivity of three loci on the tongue and soft palate to four basic tastes in smokers and non-smokers, Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh), 122, 74, 10.1080/00016480260046445

Frye, 1994, Menstrual cycle and sex differences influence salt preference, Physiol Behav, 55, 193, 10.1016/0031-9384(94)90031-0

Kuga, 1999, Gustatory changes associated with the menstrual cycle, Physiol Behav, 66, 317, 10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00307-2

Than, 1994, Sucrose threshold variation during the menstrual cycle, Physiol Behav, 56, 237, 10.1016/0031-9384(94)90189-9

Robinson, 1977, Changes in breast sensitivity at puberty, during menstrual cycle, and at parturition, Br Med J, 1, 1188, 10.1136/bmj.1.6070.1188

Robinson, 1998, Sex differences in response to cutaneous anesthesia: a double blind randomized study, Pain, 77, 143, 10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00088-8

Gescheider, 1984, Effects of the menstrual-cycle on vibrotactile sensitivity, Percept Psychophys, 36, 586, 10.3758/BF03207520

Gandelman, 1983, Gonadal hormones and sensory function, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 7, 1, 10.1016/0149-7634(83)90003-9

Dorries, 1972, Sex differences in olfaction in mammals, 245

1982

1976

Booth, 1992, Olfaction and reproduction in ungulates, Oxf Rev Reprod Biol, 14, 263

Brennan, 2006, Mammalian social odours: attraction and individual recognition, Philos Trans R Soc, 361, 2061, 10.1098/rstb.2006.1931

1985

Guillamon, 1997, Sex differences in the vomeronasal system, Brain Res Bull, 44, 377, 10.1016/S0361-9230(97)00217-7

Segovia, 1993, Sexual dimorphism in the vomeronasal pathway and sex differences in reproductive behaviors, Brain Res Brain Res Rev, 18, 51, 10.1016/0165-0173(93)90007-M

Wysocki, 1979, Neurobehavioral evidence for the involvement of the vomeronasal system in mammalian reproduction, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 3, 301, 10.1016/0149-7634(79)90015-0

Bailey, 1884, Preliminary notes on the delicacy of the special senses, N Y Med J, 40, 325

Bailey, 1885, Some special tests in regard to the delicacy of the sense of smell, Trans Kans Acad Sci, 9, 100

Toulouse, 1899, Mesure de l'odorat chez l'homme et chez la femme, C R Soc Biol, 51, 381

Le Magnen, 1952, Les phenomenes olfacto-sexuels chez l'homme, C R Acad Sci Biol, 6, 125

Vierling, 1967, Variations in olfactory sensitivity to exaltolide during the menstrual cycle, J Appl Physiol, 22, 311, 10.1152/jappl.1967.22.2.311

Koelega, 1974, Some experiments on sex differences in odor perception, Ann NY Acad Sci, 237, 234, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb49859.x

Odeigah, 1994, Smell acuity for acetone and its relationship to taste ability to phenylthiocarbamide in a Nigerian population, East Afr Med J, 71, 462

Wysocki, 1982, The vomeronasal organ — primary role in mouse chemosensory gender recognition, Physiol Behav, 29, 315, 10.1016/0031-9384(82)90021-X

Chopra, 2008, Thresholds and chemosensory event-related potentials to malodors before, during, and after puberty: differences related to sex and age, Neuroimage, 40, 1257, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.01.015

Schneider, 1955, Olfactory perception thresholds for citral utilizing a new type olfactorium, J Appl Physiol, 8, 337, 10.1152/jappl.1955.8.3.337

Cometto-Muniz, 2008, Human olfactory detection of homologous n-alcohols measured via concentration–response functions, Pharm Biochem Behav, 89, 279, 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.12.023

Koelega, 1970, Extraversion, sex, arousal and olfactory sensitivity, Acta Psychol, 34, 51, 10.1016/0001-6918(70)90004-1

Deems, 1987, Age-related changes in the phenyl ethyl alcohol odor detection threshold, Trans Penn Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol, 39, 646

Corwin, 1995, Workplace, age, and sex as mediators of olfactory function: data from the National Geographic Smell Survey, J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, 50, 179, 10.1093/geronb/50B.4.P179

Toulouse, 1899, Mesure de l'odorat chez les enfants, C R Soc Biol, 51, 487

Baum, 2002, Sex difference in attraction thresholds for volatile odors from male and estrous female mouse urine, Horm Behav, 41, 213, 10.1006/hbeh.2001.1749

Dorries, 1995, Olfactory sensitivity to the pheromone, androstenone, is sexually dimorphic in the pig, Physiol Behav, 57, 255, 10.1016/0031-9384(94)00225-T

Amoore, 1966, Sensory analysis of odor qualities in terms of stereochemical theory, J Food Sci, 31, 118, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1966.tb15424.x

Venstrom, 1968, Olfactory threshold in relation to age, sex or smoking, J Food Sci, 33, 264, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1968.tb01364.x

Punter, 1983, Measurement of human olfactory thresholds for several groups of structurally related compounds, Chem Senses, 7, 215, 10.1093/chemse/7.3-4.215

Segal, 1995, Twin analysis of odor identification and perception, Physiol Behav, 57, 605, 10.1016/0031-9384(94)00328-3

Stevens, 1991, Individual differences in thresholds and quality reports of human subjects to various odors, Chem Senses, 16, 57, 10.1093/chemse/16.1.57

Zatorre, 1990, Right-nostril advantage for discrimination of odors, Percept Psychophys, 47, 526, 10.3758/BF03203105

Vijayalaxmi, 1975, Hydrogen cyanide smell sensitivity in some Indian populations, Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma), 24, 169, 10.1017/S1120962300022071

Oberg, 2002, Differential sex effects in olfactory functioning: the role of verbal processing, J Int Neuropsychol Soc, 8, 691, 10.1017/S1355617702801424

Dorries, 1989, Changes in sensitivity to the odor of androstenone during adolescence, Dev Psychobiol, 22, 423, 10.1002/dev.420220502

Griffith, 1970, Human olfactory responses to 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one—principal component of boar taint, J Sci Food Agric, 21, 4, 10.1002/jsfa.2740210102

Doty, 1981, Endocrine, cardiovascular, and psychological correlates of olfactory sensitivity changes during the human menstrual cycle, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 95, 45, 10.1037/h0077755

Yee, 2001, Odorant exposure increases olfactory sensitivity: olfactory epithelium is implicated, Physiol Behav, 72, 705, 10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00428-0

Wysocki, 1989, Ability to perceive androstenone can be acquired by ostensibly anosmic people, Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A, 86, 7976, 10.1073/pnas.86.20.7976

Dalton, 2002, Gender-specific induction of enhanced sensitivity to odors, Nat Neurosci, 5, 199, 10.1038/nn803

Boulkroune, 2007, Repetitive olfactory exposure to the biologically significant steroid androstadienone causes a hedonic shift and gender dimorphic changes in olfactory-evoked potentials, Neuropsychopharmacology, 32, 1822, 10.1038/sj.npp.1301303

Doty, 1975, Influence of menstrual cycle on volunteering behaviour, Nature, 254, 139, 10.1038/254139a0

Stevenson, 1964, Adult performance as a function of sex of experimenter and sex of subject, J Abnorm Soc Psychol, 68, 214, 10.1037/h0040395

Hummel, 2007, Normative data for the “Sniffin' Sticks” including tests of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds: an upgrade based on a group of more than 3,000 subjects, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 264, 237, 10.1007/s00405-006-0173-0

Fusari, 2008, Identification of odors of edible and nonedible stimuli as affected by age and gender, Behav Res Meth, 40, 752, 10.3758/BRM.40.3.752

Kloek, 1961, The smell of some steroid sex-hormones and their metabolites: reflections and experiments concerning the significance of smell for the mutual relation of the sexes, Psychiatr Neurol Neurochir, 64, 309

Cain, 1982, Odor identification by males and females — predictions vs performance, Chem Senses, 7, 129, 10.1093/chemse/7.2.129

Doty, 1984, Development of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a standardized microencapsulated test of olfactory function, Physiol Behav, 32, 489, 10.1016/0031-9384(84)90269-5

Doty, 1985, Sex differences in odor identification ability: a cross-cultural analysis, Neuropsychologia, 23, 667, 10.1016/0028-3932(85)90067-3

Schleidt, 1981, A cross-cultural study on the attitude towards personal odors, J Chem Ecol, 7, 19, 10.1007/BF00988632

Wallace, 1977, Individual discrimination of humans by odor, Physiol Behav, 19, 577, 10.1016/0031-9384(77)90238-4

Doty, 1978, Communication of gender from human axillary odors: relationship to perceived intensity and hedonicity, Behav Neural Biol, 23, 373, 10.1016/S0091-6773(78)91393-7

Doty, 1982, Communication of gender from human breath odors: relationship to perceived intensity and pleasantness, Horm Behav, 16, 13, 10.1016/0018-506X(82)90002-2

Platek, 2001, Sex differences in olfactory self-recognition, Physiol Behav, 73, 635, 10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00539-X

Kenneth, 1924, Some experiments on mental reactions to odours, Perf Essent Oil Record, 15, 85

Doty, 1986, Gender and endocrine-related influences upon olfactory sensitivity, 377

Gilbert, 1987, The smell survey results, Natl Geogr Mag, 172, 514

Doty, 1975, Changes in intensity and pleasantness of human vaginal odors during menstrual-cycle, Science, 190, 1316, 10.1126/science.1239080

White, 1998, Olfactory memory: the long and the short of it, Chem Senses, 23, 433, 10.1093/chemse/23.4.433

Schab, 1995

Moller, 2007, Incidental and intentional flavor memory in young and older subjects, Chem Senses, 32, 557, 10.1093/chemse/bjm026

Larsson, 2003, Sex differences in recollective experience for olfactory and verbal information, Acta Psychol, 112, 89, 10.1016/S0001-6918(02)00092-6

Bromley, 1995, Odor recognition memory is better under bilateral than unilateral test conditions, Cortex, 31, 25, 10.1016/S0010-9452(13)80103-7

Choudhury, 2003, Influences of age and sex on a microencapsulated odor memory test, Chem Senses, 28, 799, 10.1093/chemse/bjg072

Becker, 1993, Olfactory event-related potentials in psychosis-prone subjects, Int J Psychophysiol, 15, 51, 10.1016/0167-8760(93)90095-7

Evans, 1995, Olfactory event-related potentials in normal human subjects: effects of age and gender, EEG Clin Neurophysiol, 95, 293, 10.1016/0013-4694(95)00055-4

Olofsson, 2004, Gender differences in chemosensory perception and event-related potentials, Chem Senses, 29, 629, 10.1093/chemse/bjh066

Stuck, 2006, Chemosensory event-related potentials in relation to side of stimulation, age, sex, and stimulus concentration, Clin Neurophysiol, 117, 1367, 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.03.004

Levy, 1997, Functional MRI of human olfaction, J Comp Assist Tomography, 21, 849, 10.1097/00004728-199711000-00002

Levy, 1999, Odor memory induces brain activation as measured by functional MRI, J Comp Assist Tomography, 23, 487, 10.1097/00004728-199907000-00001

Yousem, 1999, Gender effects on odor-stimulated functional magnetic resonance imaging, Brain Res, 818, 480, 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)01276-1

Bengtsson, 2001, Brain activation during odor perception in males and females, Neuroreport, 12, 2027, 10.1097/00001756-200107030-00048

Garcia-Falgueras, 2006, Sex differences in the human olfactory system, Brain Res, 1116, 103, 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.07.115

Mair, 1978, Olfactory sensitivity during menstrual cycle, Sens Process, 2, 90

Good, 1976, The effect of estrogen on odor detection, Chem Senses Flavor, 2, 45, 10.1093/chemse/2.1.45

Henkin, 1974, Sensory changes during the menstrual cycle, 277

Caruso, 2001, A prospective study evidencing rhinomanometric and olfactometric outcomes in women taking oral contraceptives, Hum Reprod, 16, 2288, 10.1093/humrep/16.11.2288

Köster, 1965, Olfactory sensitivity and the menstrual cycle, Int Rhinol, 3, 57

Köster, 1968, Olfactory sensitivity and ovulatory cycle duration, Olfactologia, 1, 43

Doty, 1982, Cyclic changes in olfactory and auditory sensitivity during the menstrual cycle: no attenuation by oral contraceptive medication, 35

Navarrete-Palacios, 2003, Lower olfactory threshold during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, Biol Psychol, 63, 269, 10.1016/S0301-0511(03)00076-0

Pause, 1996, Olfactory information processing during the course of the menstrual cycle, Biol Psychol, 44, 31, 10.1016/S0301-0511(96)05207-6

Hummel, 1991, Changes in olfactory perception during the menstrual cycle, Experientia, 47, 712, 10.1007/BF01958823

Moos, 1977

Doty, 1979, A procedure for combining menstrual cycle data, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 48, 912, 10.1210/jcem-48-6-912

Hall, 1988, Hypo- and hyperthermia in clinical auditory brain stem response measurement: two case reports, Ear Hear, 9, 137, 10.1097/00003446-198806000-00006

Doty, 1978, Intranasal trigeminal stimulation from odorous volatiles: psychometric responses from anosmic and normal humans, Physiol Behav, 20, 175, 10.1016/0031-9384(78)90070-7

Nordin, 2004, A longitudinal descriptive study of self-reported abnormal smell and taste perception in pregnant women, Chem Senses, 29, 391, 10.1093/chemse/bjh040

Mercer, 1997, Food cravings, endogenous opioid peptides, and food intake: a review, Appetite, 29, 325, 10.1006/appe.1997.0100

Dickens, 1971, Cravings and aversions during pregnancy, J Psychosom Res, 15, 259, 10.1016/0022-3999(71)90037-7

Luvara, 1961, Ricerche di olfattometria in gravidanze, Boll Malatt Orecchio Gala Naso, 79, 367

Hansen, 1936, Über den Geruchssinn in der Schwanger-schaft, Klin Wochenschr, 15, 891, 10.1007/BF01781122

Noferi, 1946, Le variazioni della sensibilita gustativa in particolari situazioni fisiologiche ed in alcuni stati morbosi. Nota IV. Le variazioni della soglia gustativa per l'acido e della soglia olfattiva per l'odore limone durante la gravidanza, Riv Clin Med, 5, 89

Zwaardemaker, 1889, On measurement of the sense of smell in clinical examination, Lancet, I, 1300, 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)91626-5

Laska, 1996, Failure to demonstrate systematic changes in olfactory perception in the course of pregnancy: a longitudinal study, Chem Senses, 21, 567, 10.1093/chemse/21.5.567

Ochsenbein-Kölble, 2007, Changes in olfactory function in pregnancy and postpartum, BJOG, 97, 10

Broman, 2003, Olfactory differences between pregnant and non-pregnant women, Chem Senses, 28, 551

Kölble, 2001, Gustatory and olfactory function in the first trimester of pregnancy, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 99, 179, 10.1016/S0301-2115(01)00408-0

Gilbert, 1991, Quantitative assessment of olfactory experience during pregnancy, Psychosom Med, 53, 693, 10.1097/00006842-199111000-00009

Cameron, 2007, Measures of human olfactory perception during pregnancy, Chem Senses, 32, 775, 10.1093/chemse/bjm045

Cantoni, 1999, Changes in olfactory perceptions and dietary habits in the course of pregnancy: a questionnaire study, Chem Senses, 24, 58

Heinrichs, 2002, Linking olfaction with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, recurrent abortion, hyperemesis gravidarum, and migraine headache, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 186, S215, 10.1067/mob.2002.123053

Hummel, 2002, Olfactory modulation of nausea during early pregnancy?, BJOG, 109, 1394, 10.1046/j.1471-0528.2002.02287.x

Schneider, 1958, Olfactory perception thresholds in hypogonadal women: changes accompanying administration of androgen and estrogen, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 18, 379, 10.1210/jcem-18-4-379

Good, 1976, Effect of estrogen on odor detection, Chem Senses Flavor, 2, 45, 10.1093/chemse/2.1.45

Hughes, 2002, Effects of hormone replacement therapy on olfactory sensitivity: cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, Climacteric, 5, 140, 10.1080/cmt.5.2.140.150

Robinson, 2007, The effect of female hormone manipulation on nasal physiology, Am J Rhinol, 21, 675, 10.2500/ajr.2007.21.3109

Doty, 2003

Doty, 2008, Estrogen replacement therapy induces functional asymmetry on an odor memory/discrimination test, Brain Res, 1214, 35, 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.04.017

Beach, 1974, Effects of gonadal hormones on urinary behavior in dogs, Physiol Behav, 12, 1005, 10.1016/0031-9384(74)90148-6

Goy, 1980

Faiman, 1979, Prepubertal and pubertal ovarian function, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 9, 161

Winter, 1972, Pituitary–gonadal relations in male children and adolescents, Pediatr Res, 6, 126, 10.1203/00006450-197202000-00006

Klaiber, 1997, Relationships of serum estradiol levels, menopausal duration, and mood during hormonal replacement therapy, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 22, 549, 10.1016/S0306-4530(97)00043-7

Albeaux-Fernet, 1978, Testicular formation in the aging male, 201

Sizonenko, 1975, Changes in plasma dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone during pubertal development, 49

de Lacosteutamsing, 1982, Sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum, Science, 216, 1431, 10.1126/science.7089533

Allen, 1992, Sexual orientation and the size of the anterior commissure in the human brain, Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A, 89, 7199, 10.1073/pnas.89.15.7199

Hines, 1992, Sex differences in subregions of the medial nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the rat, Brain Res, 579, 321, 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90068-K

Allen, 1991, Sexual dimorphism of the anterior commissure and massa intermedia of the human brain, J Comp Neurol, 312, 97, 10.1002/cne.903120108

Allen, 1989, Sexually dimorphic cell groups in the human brain, J Neurosci, 9, 497, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-02-00497.1989

Handa, 1986, Evidence that serotonin is involved in the sexually dimorphic development of the preoptic area in the rat brain, Dev Brain Res, 30, 278, 10.1016/0165-3806(86)90120-3

Davis, 1996, Structural sexual dimorphisms in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus are sensitive to gonadal steroids perinatally, but develop peripubertally, Neuroendocrinology, 63, 142, 10.1159/000126950

Karaviti, 1986, Demonstration of a sexual dimorphism in the distribution of acetylcholinesterase positive cells in the medial preoptic area of the rat hypothalamus, Pediatr Res, 20, A190

Baker, 2001, Oral contraceptives alter sleep and raise body temperature in young women, Pflugers Arch, 442, 729, 10.1007/s004240100582

Baker, 2001, Sleep and 24 hour body temperatures: a comparison in young men, naturally cycling women and women taking hormonal contraceptives, J Physiol, 530, 565, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0565k.x

Bourne, 1941, The influence of the adrenals on cyclical changes in the accessory reproductive organs of female rats, J Endocrinol, 2, 268, 10.1677/joe.0.0020268

Bourne, 1941, Changes in the adrenals in relation to the normal and artificial threshold oestrous cycle in the rat, J Endocrinol, 2, 283, 10.1677/joe.0.0020283

Henkin, 1966, Studies on olfactory thresholds in normal man and in patients with adrenal cortical insufficiency: the role of adrenal cortical steroids and of serum sodium concentration, J Clin Invest, 45, 1631, 10.1172/JCI105470

Henkin, 1967, Studies on auditory thresholds in normal man and in patients with adrenal cortical insufficiency: the role of adrenal cortical steroids, J Clin Invest, 46, 429, 10.1172/JCI105544

Sakellaris, 1972, Olfactory thresholds in normal and adrenalectomized rats, Physiol Behav, 9, 495, 10.1016/0031-9384(72)90003-0

Doty, 1991, Influence of adrenalectomy on the odor detection performance of rats, Physiol Behav, 49, 1273, 10.1016/0031-9384(91)90362-R

Rusak, 1979, Neural regulation of circadian rhythms, Physiol Rev, 59, 449, 10.1152/physrev.1979.59.3.449

Terasawa, 1968, Electrical activity during estrous cycle of rat — cyclic changes in limbic structures, Endocrinology, 83, 112, 10.1210/endo-83-2-207

Profet, 1992, Pregnancy sickness as adaptation: a deterrent to maternal ingestion of teratogens, 327

Swallow, 2005, Smell perception during early pregnancy: no evidence of an adaptive mechanism, BJOG, 112, 57, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00327.x

Fessler, 2005, Elevated disgust sensitivity in the first trimester of pregnancy — evidence supporting prophylaxis the compensatory hypothesis, Evol Hum Behav, 26, 344, 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.12.001

Nordin, 2005, Environmental odor intolerance in pregnant women, Physiol Behav, 84, 175, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.10.003

Nordin, 2007, Prevalence of parosmia: the Skovde population-based studies, Rhinology, 45, 50

Olofsson, 2005, Olfactory and chemosomatosensory function in pregnant women assessed with event-related potentials, Physiol Behav, 86, 252, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.07.022

Pietras, 1974, Hormonal influences on odor detection in rats: changes associated with the estrous cycle, pseudopregnancy, ovariectomy, and administration of testosterone propionate, Physiol Behav, 12, 475, 10.1016/0031-9384(74)90125-5

Phillips, 1975, Cyclic fluctuations in odor detection by female rats and the temporal influences of exogenous steroids on ovariectomized rats, Proc Penn Acad Sci, 49, 160

Carr, 1962, The olfactory threshold for estrous female urine in normal and castrated male rats, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 55, 415, 10.1037/h0048856

Doty, 1989, Influence of adult castration on the olfactory sensitivity of the male rat: a signal detection analysis, Behav Neurosci, 103, 691, 10.1037/0735-7044.103.3.691

Schmidt, 1980, Changes of olfactory sensitivity during the estrus cycle in female laboratory mice, Chem Senses, 5, 359, 10.1093/chemse/5.4.359

Kitay, 1963, Pituitary–adrenal function in rat after gonadectomy and gonadal hormone replacement, Endocrinology, 73, 253, 10.1210/endo-73-2-253

Nicoletti, 1985, Comparative effects of estradiol benzoate, the antiestrogen clomiphene citrate, and the progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate on kainic acid-induced seizures in male and female rats, Epilepsia, 26, 252, 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1985.tb05414.x

Scharfman, 2006, The influence of gonadal hormones on neuronal excitability, seizures, and epilepsy in the female, Epilepsia, 47, 1423, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00672.x

Maguire, 2005, Ovarian cycle-linked changes in GABA(A) receptors mediating tonic inhibition alter seizure susceptibility and anxiety, Nat Neurosci, 8, 797, 10.1038/nn1469

Backstrom, 1976, Epileptic seizures in women related to plasma estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle, Acta Neurol Scand, 54, 321, 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1976.tb04363.x

Loscher, 1996, The role of the piriform cortex in kindling, Prog Neurobiol, 50, 427, 10.1016/S0301-0082(96)00036-6

Woodbury, 1966, Effects of steroids on the central nervous system, vol. 5

Quinn, 1981, Neurochemical studies of the gamma-aminobutyric acid system in the olfactory bulb, 395

Dahlstrom, 1965, On the distribution and possible function of monamine nerve terminals in the olfactory bulb of the rabbit, Life Sci, 4, 2071, 10.1016/0024-3205(65)90324-3

Salmoiraghi, 1964, Adrenergic mechanisms in rabbit olfactory bulb, Am J Physiol, 207, 1417, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1964.207.6.1417

Nicoll, 1971, Pharmacological evidence for GABA as the transmitter in granule cell inhibition in the olfactory bulb, Brain Res, 35, 137, 10.1016/0006-8993(71)90600-7

Veliskova, 2006, The role of estrogens in seizures and epilepsy: the bad guys or the good guys?, Neuroscience, 138, 837, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.07.005

Veliskova, 2000, Neuroprotective effects of estrogens on hippocampal cells in adult female rats after status epilepticus, Epilepsia, 41, S30, 10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb01553.x

Maguire, 2007, Neurosteroid synthesis-mediated regulation of GABA(A) receptors: relevance to the ovarian cycle and stress, J Neurosci, 27, 2155, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4945-06.2007

Azzaro, 1972, Reserpine-induced alterations in brain amines and their relationship to changes in the incidence of minimal electroshock seizures in mice, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 180, 558

Jobe, 1973, The relative significance of norepinephrine, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in electro-shock seizures in the rat, Neuropharmacology, 12, 693

Kilian, 1973, Central monoamines and convulsive thresholds in mice and rats, Neuropharmacology, 12, 681, 10.1016/0028-3908(73)90121-4

Wenger, 1973, The role of biogenic amines in the reserpine-induced alteration of minimal electroshock seizure thresholds in the mouse, Neuropharmacology, 12, 693, 10.1016/0028-3908(73)90122-6

Woolley, 1962, Gonad-brain relationship - effects of female sex hormones on electroshock convulsions in rat, Endocrinology, 70, 169, 10.1210/endo-70-2-196

Woolley, 1960, Some effects of sex steroids on brain excitability and metabolism, Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology Society, 3, 11

Davenport, 1949, Relation between brain and plasma electrolites and electro-shock seizure thresholds in adrenalectomized rats, Amer J Physiol, 156, 322, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1949.156.3.322

Timiras, 1954, Effect of andrenalectomy, hydrocortisone acetate, and desoxycorticosterone acetate on brain excitability and electrolytic distribution in mice, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 112, 80

Woolley, 1962, Estrous and circadian periodicity and electroshock convulsions in rats, Amer J Physiol, 202, 379, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1962.202.2.379

Smith, 1955, Food aversions: some additional personality correlates, J Consult Psychol, 19, 145, 10.1037/h0043248

Herz, 2002, Sex differences in response to physical and social factors involved in human mate selection - the importance of smell for women, Evol Hum Behav, 23, 59, 10.1016/S1090-5138(02)00095-8

Doty, 1984, Smell identification ability: changes with age, Science, 226, 1441, 10.1126/science.6505700