Sex differences and brain development during puberty and adolescence

Ackerman, 1992 Aitken, 2015, Evidence for an altered sex ratio in clinic-referred adolescents with gender Dysphoria, J Sex Med, 12, 756, 10.1111/jsm.12817 American Psychiatric Association, 2013 Amos-Landgraf, 2006, X chromosome-inactivation patterns of 1,005 phenotypically unaffected females, Am J Hum Genet, 79, 493, 10.1086/507565 Aubert-Broche, 2013, A new method for structural volume analysis of longitudinal brain MRI data and its application in studying the growth trajectories of anatomical brain structures in childhood, Neuroimage, 82, 393, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.065 Achterberg, 2016, Frontostriatal White matter integrity predicts development of delay of gratification: a longitudinal study, J Neurosci, 36, 1954, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3459-15.2016 Achterberg, 2018, Distinctive heritability patterns of subcortical-prefrontal cortex resting state connectivity in childhood: a twin study, Neuroimage, 175, 138, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.076 Adenzato, 2017, Gender differences in cognitive theory of mind revealed by transcranial direct current stimulation on medial prefrontal cortex, Sci Rep, 7, 10.1038/srep41219 Aitken, 2016, Self-harm and Suicidality in children referred for gender Dysphoria, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 55, 513, 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.04.001 Amodio, 2006, Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition, Nat Rev Neurosci, 7, 268, 10.1038/nrn1884 Alarcon, 2017, Adolescent neural response to reward is related to participant sex and task motivation, Brain Cogn, 111, 51, 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.10.003 Allen, 1994, Longitudinal assessment of autonomy and relatedness in adolescent-family interactions as predictors of adolescent ego development and self-esteem, Child Dev, 65, 179, 10.2307/1131374 Archer, 2019, The reality and evolutionary significance of human psychological sex differences, Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc, 94, 1381, 10.1111/brv.12507 Armony, 2007, Own-sex effects in emotional memory for faces, Neurosci Lett, 426, 1, 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.08.032 Bailey, 2016, Sexual orientation, controversy, and science, Psychol Sci Public Interest Suppl, 17, 45, 10.1177/1529100616637616 Balık, 2014, Is there a relationship between mood disorders and dysmenorrhea?, J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol, 27, 371, 10.1016/j.jpag.2014.01.108 Bao, 2011, Sexual differentiation of the human brain: relation to gender identity, sexual orientation and neuropsychiatric disorders, Front Neuroendocrinol, 32, 214, 10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.02.007 Baron-Cohen, 2015, The “Reading the mind in the eyes” test: complete absence of typical sex difference in ~400 men and women with autism, PLoS One, 10, 10.1371/journal.pone.0136521 Baron-Cohen, 2001, The “Reading the mind in the eyes” test revised version: a study with Normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, J Child Psychol Psychiat, 42, 241, 10.1111/1469-7610.00715 Bava, 2010, Longitudinal characterization of white matter maturation during adolescence, Brain Res, 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.066 Ben-Ner, 2010, Trusting and trustworthiness: what are they, how to measure them, and what affects them, J Econ Psychol, 31, 64, 10.1016/j.joep.2009.10.001 Beking, 2020, Testosterone effects on functional amygdala lateralization: a study in adolescent transgender boys and cisgender boys and girls, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 111, 104461, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104461 Berg, 1995, Trust, reciprocity, and social history, Games Econ Behav, 10, 122, 10.1006/game.1995.1027 Blakemore, 2008, Development of the social brain during adolescence, Q J Exp Psychol, 61, 40, 10.1080/17470210701508715 Blakemore, 2014, Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing?, Annu Rev Psychol, 65, 187, 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115202 Blanchard, 1987, Heterosexual and homosexual gender dysphoria, Arch Sex Behav, 16, 139, 10.1007/BF01542067 Boerma, 2016, Teacher perceptions affect boys’ and girls’ reading motivation differently, Read Psychol, 37, 547, 10.1080/02702711.2015.1072608 Bourne, 2005, Lateralised processing of positive facial emotion: sex differences in strength of hemispheric dominance, Neuropsychologia, 43, 953, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.08.007 Braams, 2015, Longitudinal changes in adolescent risk-taking: a comprehensive study of neural responses to rewards, pubertal development, and risk-taking behavior, J Neurosci, 35, 7226, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4764-14.2015 Brown, 2012, Neuroanatomical assessment of biological maturity, Curr Biol, 22, 1693, 10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.002 Braams, 2017, Longitudinal changes in social brain development: processing outcomes for friend and self, Child Dev, 88, 1952, 10.1111/cdev.12665 Burghy, 2012, Developmental pathways to amygdala-prefrontal function and internalizing symptoms in adolescence, Nat Neurosci, 15, 1736, 10.1038/nn.3257 Burke, 2014, Hypothalamic response to the chemo-signal Androstadienone in gender Dysphoric children and adolescents, Front Endocrinol, 5, 60, 10.3389/fendo.2014.00060 Burke, 2016, Male-typical visuospatial functioning in gynephilic girls with gender dysphoria—organizational and activational effects of testosterone, J Psychiatry Neurosci, 41, 395, 10.1503/jpn.150147 Burke, 2018, Testosterone effects on the brain in transgender men, Cereb Cortex, 28, 1582, 10.1093/cercor/bhx054 Burke, 2017, Structural connections in the brain in relation to gender identity and sexual orientation, Sci Rep, 7, 10.1038/s41598-017-17352-8 Burnett, 2010, Adolescents' heightened risk-seeking in a probabilistic gambling task, Cogn Dev, 25, 183, 10.1016/j.cogdev.2009.11.003 Butler, 2006, Sex differences in mental rotation: top-down versus bottom-up processing, Neuroimage, 32, 445, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.03.030 Buttler, 2016, Reference values for salivary testosterone in adolescent boys and girls determined using Isotope-Dilution Liquid-Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (ID-LC-MS/MS), Clin Chim Acta, 456, 15, 10.1016/j.cca.2016.02.015 Byne, 2006, Developmental endocrine influences on gender identity: implications for management of disorders of sex development, Mt Sinai J Med, 73, 950 Byrnes, 1999, Gender differences in risk taking: a meta-analysis, Psychol Bull, 125, 367, 10.1037/0033-2909.125.3.367 Carlson, 2004, Individual differences in executive functioning and theory of mind: an investigation of inhibitory control and planning ability, J Exp Child Psychol, 87, 299, 10.1016/j.jecp.2004.01.002 Casey, 2015, Beyond simple models of self-control to circuit-based accounts of adolescent behavior, Annu Rev Psychol, 66, 295, 10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015156 Casey, 2008, The adolescent brain, Ann NY Acad Sci, 1124, 111, 10.1196/annals.1440.010 Casey, 2014, A neurodevelopmental perspective on the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework, Biol Psychiatry, 76, 350, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.006 Casey, 2019, Development of the emotional brain, Neurosci Lett, 693, 29, 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.11.055 Cascio, 2015, Buffering social influence: neural correlates of response inhibition predict driving safety in the presence of a peer, J Cogn Neurosci, 27, 83, 10.1162/jocn_a_00693 Catani, 2003, Occipito-temporal connections in the human brain, Brain J Neurol, 126, 2093, 10.1093/brain/awg203 Cerwenka, 2014, Intimate partnerships and sexual health in gender—dysphoric individuals before the start of medical treatment, Int J Sex Health, 26, 52, 10.1080/19317611.2013.829153 Chaudhuri, 2007, An experimental analysis of trust and trustworthiness, South Econ J, 73, 959, 10.1002/j.2325-8012.2007.tb00813.x Chein, 2011, Peers increase adolescent risk taking by enhancing activity in the brain's reward circuitry, Dev Sci, 14, F1, 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01035.x Chen, 2008, Sex difference in neural tube defects in p53-null mice is caused by differences in the complement of X not Y genes, Dev Neurobiol, 68, 265, 10.1002/dneu.20581 Cillessen, 2005, Understanding popularity in the peer system, Curr Dir Psychol Sci, 14, 102, 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00343.x Cohen, 2016, When is an adolescent an adult? Assessing cognitive control in emotional and nonemotional contexts, Psychol Sci, 27, 549, 10.1177/0956797615627625 Costa, 2015, Psychological support, puberty suppression, and psychosocial functioning in adolescents with gender dysphoria, J Sex Med, 12, 2206, 10.1111/jsm.13034 Costello, 2003, Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 60, 837, 10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.837 Courvoisier, 2013, Sex hormones and mental rotation: an intensive longitudinal investigation, Horm Behav, 63, 345, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.12.007 Crone, 2012, Understanding adolescence as a period of social-affective engagement and goal flexibility, Nat Rev Neurosci, 13, 636, 10.1038/nrn3313 Crone, 2017, Neural perspectives on cognitive control development during childhood and adolescence, Trends Cogn Sci, 21, 205, 10.1016/j.tics.2017.01.003 Crone, 2016, Annual research review: neural contributions to risk-taking in adolescence—developmental changes and individual differences, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 57, 353, 10.1111/jcpp.12502 Croson, 2009, Gender differences in preferences, J Econ Lit, 47, 448, 10.1257/jel.47.2.448 Dai, 2019, Puberty and functional brain development in humans: convergence in findings?, Dev Cogn Neurosci, 39, 100690, 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100690 Dawson, 2000, The role of early experience in shaping behavioral and brain development and its implications for social policy, Dev Psychopathol, 12, 695, 10.1017/S0954579400004089 Defoe, 2015, A meta-analysis on age differences in risky decision making: adolescents versus children and adults, Psychol Bull, 141, 48, 10.1037/a0038088 Del Piero, 2016, Basic emotion processing and the adolescent brain: task demands, analytic approaches, and trajectories of changes, Dev Cogn Neurosci, 19, 174, 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.03.005 Derks, 2014, Adolescent trust and trustworthiness: role of gender and social value orientation, J Adolesc, 37, 1379, 10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.09.014 Dittrich, 2015, Gender differences in trust and reciprocity: evidence from a large-scale experiment with heterogeneous subjects, Appl Econ, 47, 3825, 10.1080/00036846.2015.1019036 Domonkos, 2018, On the role of testosterone in anxiety-like behavior across life in experimental rodents, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 9, 441, 10.3389/fendo.2018.00441 Dorn, 2019, The new biobehavioral developmental science of puberty, J Res Adolesc, 29, 4, 10.1111/jora.12449 Dörner, 1988, Neuroendocrine response to estrogen and brain differentiation in heterosexuals, homosexuals, and transsexuals, Arch Sex Behav, 17, 57, 10.1007/BF01542052 Ducharme, 2016, Trajectories of cortical thickness maturation in normal brain development—the importance of quality control procedures, NeuroImage, 125, 267, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.010 Dumontheil, 2010, Online usage of theory of mind continues to develop in late adolescence, Dev Sci, 13, 331, 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00888.x Egan, 2001, Gender identity: a multidimensional analysis with implications for psychosocial adjustment, Dev Psychol, 37, 451, 10.1037/0012-1649.37.4.451 Etchell, 2018, A systematic literature review of sex differences in childhood language and brain development, Neuropsychologia, 114, 19, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.011 Fett, 2014, Trust and social reciprocity in adolescence—a matter of perspective-taking, J Adolesc, 37, 175, 10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.11.011 Feng, 2007, Playing an action video game reduces gender differences in spatial cognition, Psychol Sci, 18, 850, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01990.x Ferguson, 2012, A vast graveyard of undead theories: publication bias and psychological science's aversion to the null, Perspect Psychol Sci, 7, 555, 10.1177/1745691612459059 Feusner, 2016, Female-to-male transsexual individuals demonstrate different own body identification, Arch Sex Behav, 45, 525, 10.1007/s10508-015-0596-z Feusner, 2016, Intrinsic network connectivity and own body perception in gender dysphoria, Brain Imaging Behav, 11, 964, 10.1007/s11682-016-9578-6 Figner, 2009, Affective and deliberative processes in risky choice: age differences in risk taking in the Columbia card task, J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn, 35, 709, 10.1037/a0014983 Filova, 2015, Effects of testosterone and estradiol on anxiety and depressive-like behavior via a non-genomic pathway, Neurosci Bull, 31, 288, 10.1007/s12264-014-1510-8 Frank, 2015, Sex differences in the neural basis of false-belief and pragmatic language comprehension, Neuroimage, 105, 300, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.09.041 Frith, 2003, Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing, Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci, 358, 459, 10.1098/rstb.2002.1218 Garbarino, 2009, The robustness of trust and reciprocity across a heterogeneous U.S. population, J Econ Behav Organ, 69, 226, 10.1016/j.jebo.2007.06.010 Garcia-Falgueras, 2008, A sex difference in the hypothalamic uncinate nucleus: relationship to gender identity, Brain, 131, 3132, 10.1093/brain/awn276 Gee, 2014, Maternal buffering of human amygdala-prefrontal circuitry during childhood but not during adolescence, Psychol Sci, 25, 2067, 10.1177/0956797614550878 Gervinskaitė-Paulaitienė, 2018, Mentalization in early adolescence and its associations with attachment, abuse and emotional and behavioral difficulties Giedd, 1999, Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study, Nat Neurosci, 2, 861, 10.1038/13158 Giedd, 2015, Child psychiatry branch of the National Institute of Mental Health longitudinal structural magnetic resonance imaging study of human brain development, Neuropsychopharmacology, 40, 43, 10.1038/npp.2014.236 Gilmore, 2018, Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood, Nat Rev Neurosci, 19, 123, 10.1038/nrn.2018.1 Gilmore, 2012, Longitudinal development of cortical and subcortical gray matter from birth to 2 years, Cereb Cortex, 22, 2478, 10.1093/cercor/bhr327 Giorgio, 2010, Longitudinal changes in grey and white matter during adolescence, Neuroimage, 49, 94, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.08.003 Gizewski, 2006, Gender-specific cerebral activation during cognitive tasks using functional MRI: comparison of women in mid-luteal phase and men, Neuroradiology, 48, 14, 10.1007/s00234-005-0004-9 Goddings, 2014, The influence of puberty on subcortical brain development, Neuroimage, 88, 242, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.073 Goddings, 2019, Understanding the role of puberty in structural and functional development of the adolescent brain, J Res Adolesc, 29, 32, 10.1111/jora.12408 Goldstein, 2019, Stressful life events moderate the effect of neural reward responsiveness in childhood on depressive symptoms in adolescence, Psychol Med Goriounova, 2019, Genes, cells and brain areas of intelligence, Front Hum Neurosci, 13, 44, 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00044 Guillamon, 2016, A review of the status of brain structure research in transsexualism, Arch Sex Behav, 45, 1615, 10.1007/s10508-016-0768-5 Gunther Moor, 2010, Do you like me? Neural correlates of social evaluation and developmental trajectories, Soc Neurosci, 5, 461, 10.1080/17470910903526155 Gur, 2016, Sex differences in brain and behavior in adolescence: findings from the Philadelphia neurodevelopmental cohort, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 70, 159, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.035 Gur, 2019, Burden of environmental adversity associated with psychopathology, maturation, and brain behavior parameters in youths, JAMA Psychiat, 76, 966, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0943 Güroglu, 2014, Sharing and giving across adolescence: an experimental study examining the development of prosocial behavior, Front Psychol, 5, 1 Güroğlu, 2014, Sharing and giving across adolescence: an experimental study examining the development of prosocial behavior, Front Psychol, 5, 291 Guyer, 2008, A developmental examination of amygdala response to facial expressions, J Cogn Neurosci, 20, 1565, 10.1162/jocn.2008.20114 Guyer, 2016, The neurobiology of the emotional adolescent: from the inside out, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 70, 74, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.037 de Graaf, 2018, Psychological functioning in adolescents referred to specialist gender identity clinics across Europe: a clinical comparison study between four clinics, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 27, 909, 10.1007/s00787-017-1098-4 De Graaf, 2018, Sex ratio in children and adolescents referred to the gender identity development service in the UK (2009-2016), Arch Sex Behav, 47, 1301, 10.1007/s10508-018-1204-9 Johns, 2019, Transgender identity and experiences of violence victimization, substance use, suicide risk, and sexual risk behaviors among high school students—19 states and large urban school districts, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 68, 67, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6803a3 Haas, 2015, The tendency to trust is reflected in human brain structure, Neuroimage, 107, 175, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.11.060 Hagmann, 2008, Mapping the structural core of human cerebral cortex, PLoS Biol, 6, 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060159 Halim, 2010, Gender identity and stereotyping in early and middle childhood, 495 Harden, 2018, Developmental differences in reward sensitivity and sensation seeking in adolescence: testing sex-specific associations with gonadal hormones and pubertal development, J Pers Soc Psychol, 115, 161, 10.1037/pspp0000172 Hare, 2008, Biological substrates of emotional reactivity and regulation in adolescence during an emotional go-nogo task, Biol Psychiatry, 63, 927, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.015 Heany, 2016, A quantitative and qualitative review of the effects of testosterone on the function and structure of the human social-emotional brain, Metab Brain Dis, 31, 157, 10.1007/s11011-015-9692-y Heany, 2018, Effects of testosterone administration on threat and escape anticipation in the orbitofrontal cortex, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 96, 42, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.038 van Hemmen, 2014, Neural activation during mental rotation in complete androgen insensitivity syndrome: the influence of sex hormones and sex chromosomes, Cereb Cortex, 1979, 1 Hembree, 2017, Endocrine treatment of gender-dysphoric/gender-incongruent persons: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline, J Clin Endocr Metab, 102, 3869, 10.1210/jc.2017-01658 Herman Herting, 2014, The role of testosterone and estradiol in brain volume changes across adolescence: a longitudinal structural MRI study, Hum Brain Mapp, 35, 5633, 10.1002/hbm.22575 Herting, 2017, Puberty and structural brain development in humans, Front Neuroendocrinol, 44, 122, 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.12.003 Herting, 2018, Development of subcortical volumes across adolescence in males and females: a multisample study of longitudinal changes, Neuroimage, 172, 194, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.020 Hill, 2010, Similar patterns of cortical expansion during human development and evolution, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 107, 13135, 10.1073/pnas.1001229107 Hirnstein, 2019, Cognitive sex differences and hemispheric asymmetry: a critical review of 40 years of research, Laterality, 24, 204, 10.1080/1357650X.2018.1497044 Hofmann, 2012, Everyday temptations: an experience sampling study of desire, conflict, and self-control, J Pers Soc Psychol, 102, 1318, 10.1037/a0026545 Holland, 2014, Structural growth trajectories and rates of change in the first 3 months of infant brain development, JAMA Neurol, 71, 1266, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.1638 Hyde, 2016, Sex and cognition: gender and cognitive functions, Curr Opin Neurobiol, 38, 53, 10.1016/j.conb.2016.02.007 Jernigan, 2016, The pediatric imaging, neurocognition, and genetics (PING) data repository, NeuroImage, 124, 1149, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.04.057 Jirout, 2015, Building blocks for developing spatial skills: evidence from a large, representative U.S. sample, Psychol Sci, 26, 302, 10.1177/0956797614563338 Joel, 2015, Sex beyond the genitalia: the human brain mosaic, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 112, 15468, 10.1073/pnas.1509654112 Joel, 2020, The complex relationships between sex and the brain, Neuroscientist, 26, 156, 10.1177/1073858419867298 Joel, 2014, Queering gender: studying gender identity in ‘Normative’ individuals, Psychol Sex, 5, 291 Jordan, 2002, Women and men exhibit different cortical activation patterns during mental rotation tasks, Neuropsychologia, 40, 2397, 10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00076-3 Juraska, 2017, Pubertal onset as a critical transition for neural development and cognition, Brain Res, 1654, 87, 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.012 Khairullah, 2014, Testosterone trajectories and reference ranges in a large longitudinal sample of male adolescents, PloS One, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0108838 Khorashad, 2018, Prenatal testosterone and theory of mind development: findings from disorders of sex development, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 89, 250, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.12.008 Khurana, 2018, Modeling trajectories of sensation seeking and impulsivity dimensions from early to late adolescence: universal trends or distinct sub-groups?, J Youth Adolesc, 47, 1992, 10.1007/s10964-018-0891-9 Kilford, 2016, The development of social cognition in adolescence: an integrated perspective, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 70, 106, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.016 Kopala-Sibley D.C., Cyr M., Finsaas M.C., et al., Early childhood parenting predicts late childhood brain functional connectivity during emotion perception and reward processing, Child Dev 91, 2018, 110–128, https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13126. Krogsrud, 2016, Changes in white matter microstructure in the developing brain—a longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging study of children from 4 to 11years of age, Neuroimage, 124, 473, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.017 Knickmeyer, 2008, A structural MRI study of human brain development from birth to 2 years, J Neurosci, 28, 12176, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3479-08.2008 Knickmeyer, 2014, Impact of sex and gonadal steroids on neonatal brain structure, Cereb Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991), 24, 2721 Kohlberg, 1966, A cognitive-developmental analysis of children's sex role concepts and attitudes, 82 Koolschijn, 2013, Sex differences and structural brain maturation from childhood to early adulthood, Dev Cogn Neurosci, 5, 106, 10.1016/j.dcn.2013.02.003 Krach, 2009, Are women better mindreaders? Sex differences in neural correlates of mentalizing detected with functional MRI, BMC Neurosci, 10, 9, 10.1186/1471-2202-10-9 Kranz, 2020, Gender-affirming hormone treatment—a unique approach to study the effects of sex hormones on brain structure and function, Cortex, 129, 68, 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.04.005 Kreukels, 2020, Neurobiology of pediatric gender identity, 47 Kreukels, 2016, Neuroimaging studies in people with gender incongruence, Int Rev Psychiatry, 28, 120, 10.3109/09540261.2015.1113163 Kruijver, 2000, Male-to-female transsexuals have female neuron numbers in a limbic nucleus, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85, 2034, 10.1210/jcem.85.5.6564 Kucian, 2007, Brain activation during mental rotation in school children and adults, J Neural Transm, 114, 675, 10.1007/s00702-006-0604-5 Ladouceur, 2011, Differential patterns of abnormal activity and connectivity in the amygdala-prefrontal circuitry in bipolar-I and bipolar-NOS youth, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 50, 1275, 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.09.023 Larson, 2002, Continuity, stability, and change in daily emotional experience across adolescence, Child Dev, 73, 1151, 10.1111/1467-8624.00464 Lawrence, 2015, Age, gender, and puberty influence the development of facial emotion recognition, Front Psychol, 6, 761, 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00761 Lebel, 2011, Longitudinal development of human brain wiring continues from childhood into adulthood, J Neurosci, 31, 10937, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5302-10.2011 Lebel, 2008, Microstructural maturation of the human brain from childhood to adulthood, NeuroImage, 40, 1044, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.053 Lebel, 2012, Diffusion tensor imaging of white matter tract evolution over the lifespan, Neuroimage, 60, 340, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.094 Leisman, 2014, 1 Lenroot, 2007, Sexual dimorphism of brain developmental trajectories during childhood and adolescence, Neuroimage, 36, 1065, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.053 Lemmers-Jansen, 2017, Boys vs. girls: gender differences in the neural development of trust and reciprocity depend on social context, Dev Cogn Neurosci, 25, 235, 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.02.001 Li, 2020, Physical and mental fatigue across the menstrual cycle in women with and without generalised anxiety disorder, Horm Behav, 118, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104667 Linn, 1985, Emergence and characterization of sex differences in spatial ability: a meta-analysis, Child Dev, 56, 1479, 10.2307/1130467 Lokuge, 2011, Depression in women: windows of vulnerability and new insights into the link between estrogen and serotonin, J Clin Psychiatry, 72, e1563, 10.4088/JCP.11com07089 Luders, 2006, Gender effects on cortical thickness and the influence of scaling, Hum Brain Mapp, 27, 314, 10.1002/hbm.20187 Lungu, 2015, Sex differences in effective fronto-limbic connectivity during negative emotion processing, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 62, 180, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.012 Maciejewski, 2015, A 5-year longitudinal study on mood variability across adolescence using daily diaries, Child Dev, 86, 1908, 10.1111/cdev.12420 Maciejewski, 2017, A daily diary study on adolescent emotional experiences: measurement invariance and developmental trajectories, Psychol Assess, 29, 35, 10.1037/pas0000312 Majid, 2019, Neural systems for own-body processing align with gender identity rather than birth-assigned sex, Cereb Cortex, 30, 2897, 10.1093/cercor/bhz282 Malhotra, 2004, Trust and reciprocity decisions: the differing perspectives of trustors and trusted parties, Organ Behav Hum Decis Process, 94, 61, 10.1016/j.obhdp.2004.03.001 Mancini, 2013, Facial expressions of emotions: recognition accuracy and affective reactions during late childhood, J Psychol, 147, 599, 10.1080/00223980.2012.727891 Manzouri, 2017, Anatomical and functional findings in female-to-male transsexuals: testing a new hypothesis, Cereb Cortex, 27, 998 Manzouri, 2019, Possible neurobiological underpinnings of homosexuality and gender dysphoria, Cereb Cortex, 29, 2084, 10.1093/cercor/bhy090 Manzouri, 2018, Cerebral sex dimorphism and sexual orientation, Hum Brain Mapp, 39, 1175, 10.1002/hbm.23908 McClure, 2004, A developmental examination of gender differences in brain engagement during evaluation of threat, Biol Psychiatry, 55, 1047, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.02.013 McHale, 2009, The development of gendered interests and personality qualities from middle childhood through adolescence: a biosocial analysis, Child Dev, 80, 482, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01273.x Mendle, 2010, Development's tortoise and hare: pubertal timing, pubertal tempo, and depressive symptoms in boys and girls, Dev Psychol, 46, 1341, 10.1037/a0020205 Merikangas, 2010, Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication—Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 49, 980, 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017 Van der Miesen, 2020, Psychological functioning in transgender adolescents before and after gender-affirmative care compared with cisgender general population peers, J Adolesc Health, 66, 699, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.12.018 Migheli, 2007, Trust, gender and social capital: experimental evidence from three Western European countries, SSRN Electron J, 777 Mills, 2014, Developmental changes in the structure of the social brain in late childhood and adolescence, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci, 9, 123, 10.1093/scan/nss113 Mills, 2016, Structural brain development between childhood and adulthood: convergence across four longitudinal samples, Neuroimage, 141, 273, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.044 Moè, 2009, Are males always better than females in mental rotation? Exploring a gender belief explanation, Learn Individ Differ, 19, 21, 10.1016/j.lindif.2008.02.002 Moore, 2012, Facing puberty: associations between pubertal development and neural responses to affective facial displays, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci, 7, 35, 10.1093/scan/nsr066 Moffitt, 2001, Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females, Dev Psychopathol, 13, 355, 10.1017/S0954579401002097 Muftuler, 2011, Cortical and subcortical changes in typically developing preadolescent children, Brain Res, 1399, 15, 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.018 Mutlu, 2013, Sex differences in thickness, and folding developments throughout the cortex, Neuroimage, 82, 200, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.076 Narvacan, 2017, Evolution of deep gray matter volume across the human lifespan, Hum Brain Mapp, 38, 3771, 10.1002/hbm.23604 Neuburger, 2015, Can girls think spatially? Influence of implicit gender stereotype activation and rotational axis on fourth graders’ mental-rotation performance, Learn Individ Differ, 37, 169, 10.1016/j.lindif.2014.09.003 Nguyen, 2019, What has sex got to do with it? The role of hormones in the transgender brain, Neuropsychopharmacology, 44, 22, 10.1038/s41386-018-0140-7 Northoff, 2019, “Average is good, extremes are bad”—non-linear inverted U-shaped relationship between neural mechanisms and functionality of mental features, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 104, 11, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.030 Nota, 2017, Brain functional connectivity patterns in children and adolescents with gender dysphoria: sex-atypical or not?, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 86, 187, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.014 Ostby, 2009, Heterogeneity in subcortical brain development: a structural magnetic resonance imaging study of brain maturation from 8 to 30 years, J Neurosci, 29, 11772, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1242-09.2009 Op de Macks, 2016, Risky decision-making in adolescent girls: the role of pubertal hormones and reward circuitry, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 74, 77, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.08.013 Overgaauw, 2015, A longitudinal analysis of neural regions involved in reading the mind in the eyes, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci, 10, 619, 10.1093/scan/nsu095 Pagliaccio, 2015, Amygdala functional connectivity, HPA axis genetic variation, and life stress in children and relations to anxiety and emotion regulation, J Abnorm Psychol, 124, 817, 10.1037/abn0000094 Parry, 2001, Chronobiological basis of female-specific mood disorders, Neuropsychopharmacology, 25, S102, 10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00340-2 Peper, 2009, Sex steroids and brain structure in pubertal boys and girls, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 332, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.09.012 Peper, 2013, Surging hormones: brain-behavior interactions during puberty, Curr Dir Psychol Sci, 22, 134, 10.1177/0963721412473755 Peper, 2015, Short fused? Associations between white matter connections, sex steroids, and aggression across adolescence, Hum Brain Mapp, 36, 1043, 10.1002/hbm.22684 Peper, 2011, Sex steroids and brain structure in pubertal boys and girls: a mini-review of neuroimaging studies, Neuroscience, 191, 28, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.014 Peper, 2013, Development of risk taking: contributions from adolescent testosterone and the orbito-frontal cortex, J Cogn Neurosci, 25, 2141, 10.1162/jocn_a_00445 Peper, 2018, Development of multifaceted risk taking and the relations to sex steroid hormones: a longitudinal study, Child Dev, 89, 1887, 10.1111/cdev.13063 Perlman, 2011, Developing connections for affective regulation: age-related changes in emotional brain connectivity, J Exp Child Psychol, 108, 607, 10.1016/j.jecp.2010.08.006 Peters, 2008, Applications of mental rotation figures of the Shepard and Metzler type and description of a mental rotation stimulus library, Brain Cogn, 66, 260, 10.1016/j.bandc.2007.09.003 Peters, 2015, The link between testosterone and amygdala-orbitofrontal cortex connectivity in adolescent alcohol use, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 53, 117, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.01.004 Peters, 2017, Amygdala-orbitofrontal connectivity predicts alcohol use two years later: a longitudinal neuroimaging study on alcohol use in adolescence, Dev Sci, 20, 10.1111/desc.12448 Pfeifer, 2011, Entering adolescence: resistance to peer influence, risky behavior, and neural changes in emotion reactivity, Neuron, 69, 1029, 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.019 Plenge, 2002, Skewed X-chromosome inactivation is a common feature of X-linked mental retardation disorders, Am J Hum Genet, 71, 168, 10.1086/341123 Potau, 1999, Sexual dimorphism in the maturation of the pituitary-gonadal axis, assessed by GnRH agonist challenge, Eur J Endocrinol, 141, 27, 10.1530/eje.0.1410027 Potter, 2020, Early adolescent gender diversity and mental health in the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 10.1111/jcpp.13248 Poznyak, 2019, Roles of age, gender and psychological difficulties in adolescent mentalizing, J Adolesc, 74, 120, 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.06.007 Raine, 2001, Sex inequalities in ischaemic heart disease in primary care. Clinical decision making is not necessarily guided by prejudice, BMJ, 323, 400 Raznahan, 2014, Longitudinal four-dimensional mapping of subcortical anatomy in human development, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 111, 1592, 10.1073/pnas.1316911111 Reilly, 2016, Sex and sex-role differences in specific cognitive abilities, Dermatol Int, 54, 147 Ristori, 2016, Gender dysphoria in childhood, Int Rev Psychiatry, 28, 13, 10.3109/09540261.2015.1115754 Ritchie, 2018, Sex differences in the adult human brain: evidence from 5216 UK Biobank participants, Cereb Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991), 28, 2959 Roberts, 2002, The effects of age and sex on mental rotation performance, verbal performance, and brain electrical activity, Dev Psychobiol, 40, 391, 10.1002/dev.10039 Romer, 2017, Beyond stereotypes of adolescent risk taking: placing the adolescent brain in developmental context, Dev Cogn Neurosci, 27, 19, 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.07.007 Rosenbaum, 2019, Developmental perspectives on risky and impulsive choice, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 374, 10.1098/rstb.2018.0133 Ruigrok, 2014, A meta-analysis of sex differences in human brain structure, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 39, 34, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.12.004 Ryan, 1997, Epilepsy and mental retardation limited to females: an X-linked dominant disorder with male sparing, Nat Genet, 17, 92, 10.1038/ng0997-92 Sanchis-Segura, 2019, Sex differences in gray matter volume: how many and how large are they really?, Biol Sex Differ, 10, 32, 10.1186/s13293-019-0245-7 Satterthwaite, 2014, Sex differences in the effect of puberty on hippocampal morphology, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 53, 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.12.002 Scheres, 2014, Temporal reward discounting in children, adolescents, and emerging adults during an experiential task, Front Psychol, 5, 711, 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00711 Scherf, 2013, The amygdala: an agent of change in adolescent neural networks, Horm Behav, 64, 298, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.05.011 Scheuer, 2017, Reduced fronto-amygdalar connectivity in adolescence is associated with increased depression symptoms over time, Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging, 266, 35, 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.05.012 Schneider, 2011, Boys do it the right way: sex-dependent amygdala lateralization during face processing in adolescents, NeuroImage, 56, 1847, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.019 Schneider, 2017, Brain maturation, cognition and voice pattern in a gender dysphoria case under pubertal suppression, Front Hum Neurosci, 11, 528, 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00528 Schöning, 2007, Functional anatomy of visuo-spatial working memory during mental rotation is influenced by sex, menstrual cycle, and sex steroid hormones, Neuropsychologia, 45, 3203, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.06.011 Schreuders, 2018, Contributions of reward sensitivity to ventral striatum activity across adolescence and early adulthood, Child Dev, 89, 797, 10.1111/cdev.13056 Schulte-Rüther, 2008, Gender differences in brain networks supporting empathy, Neuroimage, 42, 393, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.180 Schulte, 2019, Effects of age, sex, and puberty on neural efficiency of cognitive and motor control in adolescents, Brain Imaging Behav Schulz, 2016, The organizing actions of adolescent gonadal steroid hormones on brain and behavioral development, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 70, 148, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.036 Schutter, 2017, Exploring the role of testosterone in the cerebellum link to neuroticism: from adolescence to early adulthood, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 78, 203, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.01.009 Sebastian, 2008, Development of the self-concept during adolescence, Trends Cogn Sci, 12, 441, 10.1016/j.tics.2008.07.008 Selleck, 2018, Limited prefrontal cortical regulation over the basolateral amygdala in adolescent rats, Sci Rep, 8, 10.1038/s41598-018-35649-0 Selman, 1980 Shepard, 1971, Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects, Science, 171, 701, 10.1126/science.171.3972.701 Sherman, 2017, Connecting brain responsivity and real-world risk taking: strengths and limitations of current methodological approaches, Dev Cogn Neurosci, 33, 27, 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.05.007 Sherman, 2019, The interactive effects of peers and alcohol on functional brain connectivity in young adults, Neuroimage, 197, 264, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.003 Shulman, 2016, The dual systems model: review, reappraisal, and reaffirmation, Dev Cogn Neurosci, 17, 103, 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.12.010 Silk, 2014, Increased neural response to peer rejection associated with adolescent depression and pubertal development, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci, 9, 1798, 10.1093/scan/nst175 Silvers, 2016, vlPFC–vmPFC–amygdala interactions underlie age-related differences in cognitive regulation of emotion, Cereb Cortex, 27, 3502 Silvers, 2015, Concurrent and lasting effects of emotion regulation on amygdala response in adolescence and young adulthood, Dev Sci, 18, 771, 10.1111/desc.12260 Singer, 2009, The social neuroscience of empathy, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1156, 81, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04418.x Smith, 2014, The role of the anterior insula in adolescent decision making, Dev Neurosci, 36, 196, 10.1159/000358918 Soares, 2008, Reproductive hormone sensitivity and risk for depression across the female life cycle: a continuum of vulnerability?, J Psychiatry Neurosci, 33, 331 Somerville, 2010, Developmental neurobiology of cognitive control and motivational systems, Curr Opin Neurobiol, 20, 271, 10.1016/j.conb.2010.01.006 Sowell, 2004, Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and brain growth in normal children, J Neurosci, 24, 8223, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1798-04.2004 Spielberg, 2015, Pubertal testosterone influences threat-related amygdala-orbitofrontal cortex coupling, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci, 10, 408, 10.1093/scan/nsu062 Staphorsius, 2015, Puberty suppression and executive functioning: an fMRI-study in adolescents with gender dysphoria, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 56, 190, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.03.007 Steinberg, 2008, A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking, Dev Rev, 28, 78, 10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.002 Steel, 2014, The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980-2013, Int J Epidemiol, 43, 476, 10.1093/ije/dyu038 Steensma, 2011, Desisting and persisting gender dysphoria after childhood: a qualitative follow-up study, Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry, 16, 499, 10.1177/1359104510378303 Steensma, 2018, Evidence for a change in the sex ratio of children referred for gender dysphoria: data from the Center of Expertise on gender dysphoria in Amsterdam (1988–2016), J Sex Marital Ther, 715, 1 Steensma, 2013, Gender variance in childhood and sexual orientation in adulthood: a prospective study, J Sex Med, 10, 2723, 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02701.x Steensma, 2013, Factors associated with desistence and persistence of childhood gender dysphoria: a quantitative follow-up study, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 52, 582, 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.03.016 Steinberg, 2008, Age differences in sensation seeking and impulsivity as indexed by behavior and self-report: evidence for a dual systems model, Dev Psychol, 44, 1764, 10.1037/a0012955 Steinberg, 2001, Adolescent development, Annu Rev Psychol, 52, 83, 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.83 Stevens, 2012, Sex differences in brain activation to emotional stimuli: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies, Neuropsychologia, 50, 1578, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.03.011 Swaab, 1995, Sexual differentiation of the human hypothalamus in relation to gender and sexual orientation, Trends Neurosci, 18, 264, 10.1016/0166-2236(95)80007-O Szkrybalo, 1999, ‘God made me a girl’: sex-category constancy judgments and explanations revisited, Dev Psychol, 35, 392, 10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.392 Tamnes, 2017, Development of the cerebral cortex across adolescence: a multisample study of interrelated longitudinal changes in cortical volume, surface area and thickness, J Neurosci, 37, 3302, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3302-16.2017 Tamnes, 2013, Brain development and aging: overlapping and unique patterns of change, Neuroimage, 68, 63, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.039 Taziaux, 2016, Kisspeptin expression in the human Infundibular nucleus in relation to sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation, J Clin Endocrinol Metabol, 101, 2380, 10.1210/jc.2015-4175 Telzer, 2018, Chronic peer victimization heightens neural sensitivity to risk taking, Dev Psychopathol, 30, 13, 10.1017/S0954579417000438 Thijssen, 2017, Insensitive parenting may accelerate the development of the amygdala–medial prefrontal cortex circuit, Dev Psychopathol, 29, 505, 10.1017/S0954579417000141 Titze, 2010, Mental rotation performance and the effect of gender in fourth graders and adults, Eur J Dev Psychol, 7, 432, 10.1080/17405620802548214 Tottenham, 2019, Early adversity and the Neotenous human brain, Biol Psychiatry, 87, 350, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.06.018 Townsend, 2013, Frontal-amygdala connectivity alterations during emotion downregulation in bipolar I disorder, Biol Psychiatry, 73, 127, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.030 Uematsu, 2012, Developmental trajectories of amygdala and hippocampus from infancy to early adulthood in healthy individuals, Plos One, 7, 10.1371/journal.pone.0046970 Uribe, 2020, Brain network interactions in transgender individuals with gender incongruence, Neuroimage, 211, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116613 Uttal, 2013, The malleability of spatial skills: a meta-analysis of training studies, Psychol Bull, 139, 352, 10.1037/a0028446 Vandenberg, 1978, Mental rotations, a group test of three-dimensional spatial visualization, Percept Mot Skills, 47, 599, 10.2466/pms.1978.47.2.599 Van de Groep, 2018, Developmental changes and individual differences in trust and reciprocity in adolescence, J Res Adolesc, 30, 192, 10.1111/jora.12459 van den Bos, 2010, Development of trust and reciprocity in adolescence, Cogn Dev, 25, 90, 10.1016/j.cogdev.2009.07.004 van den Bos, 2011, The neurocognitive development of social decision making, 226 van den Bos, 2015, Adolescent impatience decreases with increased frontostriatal connectivity, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 112, E3765, 10.1073/pnas.1423095112 van den Heuvel, 2010, Exploring the brain network: a review on resting-state fMRI functional connectivity, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 20, 519, 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.03.008 van Hoorn, 2018, Differential effects of parent and peer presence on neural correlates of risk taking in adolescence, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci, 13, 945, 10.1093/scan/nsy071 Vijayakumar, 2016, Brain development during adolescence: a mixed-longitudinal investigation of cortical thickness, surface area, and volume, Hum Brain Mapp, 37, 2027, 10.1002/hbm.23154 Volman, 2016, Testosterone modulates altered prefrontal control of emotional actions in psychopathic offenders, eNeuro, 3, 10.1523/ENEURO.0107-15.2016 Voyer, 1995, Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: a meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables, Psychol Bull, 117, 250, 10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.250 Wager, 2003, Valence, gender, and lateralization of functional brain anatomy in emotion: a meta-analysis of findings from neuroimaging, Neuroimage, 19, 513, 10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00078-8 Walf, 2007, Administration of estrogen receptor beta-specific selective estrogen receptor modulators to the hippocampus decrease anxiety and depressive behavior of ovariectomized rats, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 86, 407, 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.07.003 Walhovd, 2016, Through thick and thin: a need to reconcile contradictory results on trajectories in human cortical development, Cereb Cortex, 27, bhv301, 10.1093/cercor/bhv301 Walhovd, 2005, Effects of age on volumes of cortex, white matter and subcortical structures, Neurobiol Aging, 26, 1261, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.05.020 Wallien, 2008, Psychosexual outcome of gender-dysphoric children, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 47, 1413, 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31818956b9 Wallin-Miller, 2018, Anabolic-androgenic steroids alter decision making in a balanced rodent model of the Iowa gambling task, Behav Neurosci, 132, 152, 10.1037/bne0000243 Weiss, 2003, Sex differences in brain activation pattern during a visuospatial cognitive task: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in healthy volunteers, Neurosci Lett, 344, 169, 10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00406-3 Whittle, 2017, Emotion and gender-specific neural processing in men and women, 183 Whittle, 2008, Prefrontal and amygdala volumes are related to adolescents’ affective behaviors during parent-adolescent interactions, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105, 3652, 10.1073/pnas.0709815105 Wiepjes, 2018, The Amsterdam cohort of gender dysphoria study (1972–2015): trends in prevalence, treatment, and regrets, J Sex Med, 15, 582, 10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.01.016 Wierenga, 2019, Sex effects on development of brain structure and executive functions: greater variance than mean effects, J Cogn Neurosci, 31, 730, 10.1162/jocn_a_01375 Wierenga, 2018, Unravelling age, puberty and testosterone effects on subcortical brain development across adolescence, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 91, 105, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.02.034 Wierenga, 2018, A key characteristic of sex differences in the developing brain: greater variability in brain structure of boys than girls, Cereb Cortex, 28, 2741, 10.1093/cercor/bhx154 Wierenga, 2014, Unique developmental trajectories of cortical thickness and surface area, Neuroimage, 87, 120, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.010 Wierenga, 2014, Typical development of basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala and cerebellum from age 7 to 24, Neuroimage, 96, 67, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.072 Wilke, 2007, Global and local development of gray and white matter volume in normal children and adolescents, Exp Brain Res, 178, 296, 10.1007/s00221-006-0732-z Will, 2016, A neurocognitive perspective on the development of social decision-making, 293, 10.1007/978-3-642-35923-1_15 World Health Organization, 2018 Wu, 2014, Cellular resolution maps of X chromosome inactivation: implications for neural development, function, and disease, Neuron, 81, 103, 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.051 Wu, 2016, Age-related changes in amygdala-frontal connectivity during emotional face processing from childhood into young adulthood, Hum Brain Mapp, 37, 1684, 10.1002/hbm.23129 Zabihi, 2019, Dissecting the heterogeneous cortical anatomy of autism spectrum disorder using normative models, Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging, 4, 567 Zahn-Waxler, 2008, Disorders of childhood and adolescence: gender and psychopathology, Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 4, 275, 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091358 Zhao, 2015, Age-related changes in the topological organization of the white matter structural connectome across the human lifespan, Hum Brain Mapp, 10.1002/hbm.22877 Zimmermann, 2014, Emotion regulation from early adolescence to emerging adulthood and middle adulthood, Int J Behav Dev, 38, 182, 10.1177/0165025413515405 Zhou, 1995, A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality, Nature, 378, 68, 10.1038/378068a0 Zucker, 2019, Adolescents with gender dysphoria: reflections on some contemporary clinical and research issues, Arch Sex Behav, 48, 1983, 10.1007/s10508-019-01518-8 Zucker, 2016, Increasing referrals for gender dysphoria, J Adolesc Health, 58, 693, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.02.015